Lambobin Quantum
A quantum numbers suna yadda lura da adadin elektron a atom. Waɗannan quantum numbers sun nuna wurin, kuma tushen enerji da turon elektron a atom. Quantum numbers na yawa ne don nuna abubuwa kan elektron. Quantum numbers sun fi saba'uka –
Principal quantum number (n)
Orbital or Azimuthal quantum number (l)
Magnetic quantum number (m or ml)
Spin magnetic quantum number (ms)
Principal Quantum Number (n)
Principal quantum number ta elektron yana nuna wurin ko shell ko orbitar da elektron ya zama. Ana magana da 'n'. Yana da hukuma mai sauƙi kamar 1, 2, 3, 4, …… etc. Principal quantum number an yi amfani da ita a modellofin atomic Bohr da Summer field.
Electrons da suka da principal quantum number, ana iya haɗa da masu sauran energy levels (shells). Wadannan energy levels suna dogara da littattafai K, L, M, N, ……. etc. Don masu sauran energy level (shells) yadda cutar “Principal quantum Number ‘n’ da maximum number of electrons associate with different energy levels suka bayyana a cikin jerin rarrabbi-
| Sl. No. | Energy level or Orbit (shell) | Principal quantum number ‘n’ | Maximum Number of electrons (2n2) |
| 1 | K | 1 | 2×12=2 |
| 2 | L | 2 | 2×22=8 |
| 3 | M | 3 | 2×32=18 |
| 4 | N | 4 | 2×42=32 |
Idan quantum number ta shell yana ci gaba, matsayin shell yana ci gaba. Saboda haka, shells suna da masu sauran energy levels wanda suke ci gaba a lokacin da quantum number yana ci gaba.
Orbital or Azimuth Quantum Number (l)
Orbital or azimuth quantum number yana nuna subshell da orbital ta elektron ya zama. Har main shell (energy level) ana zaɓe zuwa sub energy levels/subshells.
Waɗannan subshell suna kiran orbitals. Waɗannan subshell /orbitals suna dogara da s, p, d, f, ……. etc. da corresponding orbital quantum number l = 1, 2, 3, 4……etc. Number subshells a cikin har main shell yana da shi da principal quantum number ‘n’. Capacity of any main shell zai iya tabbatar da aiki da adding the electron capacity of subshells. The capacity of subshells are given in table below-
| Sl. No. | Subshell | Quantum number (l) | Electron capacity of subshell 2(2l + 1) |
| 1 | s | 1 | 2(2 × 0 + 1)=2 |
| 2 | p | 2 | 2(2 × 1 + 1)=6 |
| 3 | d | 3 | 2(2 × 2 + 1)=10 |
| 4 | f | 4 | 2(2 × 3 + 1)=14 |
Orbital or azimuth quantum number yana nuna angular momentum da kuma shape of orbital da elektron ya zama. Misali: for orbital quantum number, l = 0, value of angular momentum yana da zero da shape of orbital yana da straight line with zero angular momentum is. For l = 1, shape of orbital yana da ellipse with some non-zero value of angular momentum. For l = 2, shape of orbital yana da rounder ellipse with more value of angular momentum.
For different values of orbital or azimuth quantum number, the shape of orbitals is shown in table below-
In electron configuration, the principal quantum number is stated just before the letter and the number of electrons with same orbital quantum number is represented as superscript of letter. For example: If an atom is having 6 electrons with principal quantum number 2 in subshell of ‘p’. Then in electron configuration it will be denoted as’2p6‘.
Magnetic Quantum Number (m or ml)
The magnetic quantum number (ml) represents the orbitals of a given subshell. For a given value of l, the value of magnetic quantum number (ml) ranges form – l to + l. For example, for p-subshell, the value of ml will be, ml = – 1, 0, + 1. The orbitals are represented as px, py and pz. Where, the subscript represents the direction of axis of rotation. For given value of l, there are 2l + 1 possible values of ml. The shell with principal quantum number of ‘n’, has n2 orbitals in that shell (energy level). For subshells the number of possible orbitals and magnetic quantum numbers are given in table below-
