Unsa ang mga aspeto nga gikinahanglan sa disenyu sa mga istasyon sa pag-charge sa elektrikong sasakyan

Isipon sa frontline designer, nagtrabaho ko adto sa EV charging piles kada adlaw. Sa pagkamadlo sa global nga climate change ug sa rapyohanong economic growth sa China, ang green mobility sama sa e-bikes ug electric cars naka-boom, apan ang problema sa charging naging focal concern. Ang risky nga “Bypass Wire” charging nanginpyos sa dako nga demand alang sa professional piles. Tungod kay nabilin ko sa CNPC First Construction residential charging pile renovation, gigibahin nako ang akong hands-on experience.

I. Industry Context
(1) Electric Vehicles: Tech-Driven Evolution

Ang kasagaran nga EVs karon, gikan sa e-bikes/tricycles hangtod sa electric cars, gi gamit ang AC charging piles. Ang mga advance sa battery tech—mas taas nga energy density gikan sa R&D, lithium-ion/solid-state batteries, ug fast-charging breakthroughs—plus smart driving ug vehicle-to-network tech (na enable sa auto-drive, cruise control, remote monitoring, etc.) mi transformar sa EVs.

(2) Charging Piles: Booming Market

Gisplit sa AC/DC (ang AC mas common), ang Chinese market sa charging pile naka-explode, naabot sa 10.804 million units hangtod July 2024. Gi deploy sila centrally (para sa large lots, transit) o decentrally (para sa small lots, communities). Ang akong focus mao ang low-power decentralized AC piles, nga maghatag og power sa on-board chargers (converted to DC).

II. Charging Pile Design: From Standards to Custom Builds
(1) General Requirements: Safety, Function, Installation

Ang layout kinahanglan imong consider ang power, fire, ug flood infrastructure. Paglocate sa piles para easy access sa power, away from hazards, sa low-dust, non-corrosive areas (o downwind if needed). Iavoid ang vibrations, ensure traffic access, ug keep a ≥40cm safe distance from structures para sa maintenance.

Functionally, ang interfaces sumala sa unified standards para sa universal compatibility. Multiple power options, efficient conversion, anti-interference, remote monitoring, fault diagnosis (with alarms/info upload), ug diverse payments (WeChat/Alipay/cards) kinahanglan.

Installation: Ang floor-mounted piles nanginahanglan og 0.2m-high foundation (≥0.05m larger than the pile) para sa shed-less areas. Ang wall-mounted piles attach vertically sa walls, operable height, usable with/without sheds.

(2) E-Bike Piles: CNPC First Construction Project

Pre-renovation, ang “flying lead” charging maoy risky. Nadesign nami ang piles para sa e-bikes, gi-add sila sa unit entrances (shed-less communities sama sa Zhongyou Garden) o sa sheds (e.g., Zhongyou Huayuan).

• Power Distribution: Ang circuits serve 6–8 piles, using WDZ-BYJ (F)-0.8/1KV-3×6 mm² wires (protected by steel pipes to distribution boxes, connected to upper-level standby circuits). TN-S grounding: ang floor-mounted piles connect to the main grid, ang wall-mounted piles (and sheds) ground via 40×4 galvanized flat steel. Each pile supports ≤1200W e-bikes, with single-phase sockets in sheds. Cables (0.6/1kV copper-core) and wires (halogen-free, flame-retardant) use PVC troughs/pipes indoors, direct burial outdoors (with galvanized steel pipes for building entry, sealed to prevent water). Floor-mounted piles go in unit-entrance open spaces; wall-mounted ones on unit walls (0.7–1.1m height, uniform per community, 1.2–1.5m spacing).

• Selection: Each socket has a 220V/10A/50Hz, 2.0% accuracy static energy meter (storing 2 settlement periods' data, protected from loss/tampering). Piles record charge start/end, power before/after (reset to zero post-charge), with card/QR code payments and IP54+ protection (load/short-circuit/leakage protection).

(3) Electric Car Piles: Parking Lot Renovation

Gi-add ang decentralized AC piles (1 per car space) para sa easy management, positioned for convenience.

• Power Distribution: 6.8kW/220V piles use circuit breakers (short-circuit/residual current protection, no shared breakers). High-quality cables/wires ensure voltage compliance. A complete grounding system (with equipotential wiring) ensures safety.

• Interface: Standard-compliant, dust/water-resistant, universal for all EVs.

• Control Circuit: Precise current/voltage control (damage-free, smart mode-switching, over-charge/short-circuit protection).

• Metering/Billing: Accurate metering, flexible billing (adapting to needs/time), with data management for users/operators.

III. Load Calculation: Critical for Planning

Para sa decentralized AC piles, determine pile specs, calculate via formulas (1)/(2), and use Table 1's demand coefficients. This ensures a rational power distribution design.

Sa formulas (1) ug (2), S_js represents the calculated capacity of the charging equipment (in kVA); P₁, P₂, and P₃ represent the total rated power of various types of charging equipment. Generally, the load grouping and classification are carried out according to single-phase AC charging piles, three-phase AC charging piles, off-board chargers, etc. (in kW); P₁, P₂, and P₃ represent the working efficiency of various types of charging equipment, generally taken as 0.95; cosφ₁, cosφ₂, and cosφ₂ are the power factors of various types of charging equipment, generally greater than 0.9; Kt is the coincidence factor, generally taken as 0.8 - 0.9; K is the demand factor, as shown in Table 1.

Conclusion

Tungod sa pagtaas sa public environmental awareness ug sa advance sa EV technology, ang EVs, mas long range, mas lower costs, ug mas better cost-effectiveness, mogahin sa millions of households. Ang charging piles, crucial EV infrastructure, naka-adopt na daghan. Tungod sa government-enterprise collaboration, ang massive charging pile construction sa public/private parking lots, garages, communities, ug stations inevitable. Thus, standardized design, use, ug scientific management sa charging piles mahalomo. This paper, using real projects, summarizes the electrical design of non-motorized and motorized vehicle charging piles, offering references for similar future projects.