Gwamnati na Tattaunawa da Yawan Kirkiro na Kabeli na Zashi

2yrs + staff 1000+m² US$300,000,000+ China

I. Gaskiya na Baka
A kablò gina suna aiki da yawa a cikin sashe-sashen kashi. Yadda ake yi aiki da yawa su yana haɗa da zama a cikin kashi, dalilai, tsawo mai sauƙi, da kuma abin da ake iya shiga waɗannan abubuwa masu ƙarfi kamar tattalin ƙarshen. A cikin kablò da ba a yi aiki da yawa ba, zai iya shafi masu ƙarfi a cikin harsuna, yadda ƙarfin tattaunawa, tattalin ƙarshen, da kuma abin da ake iya shiga waɗannan abubuwa. Saboda haka, ya kamata a kunna aiki mai ilimi, daidai, da kuma mai karɓar ta hanyar zaɓe daga rawurwar zuwa aikin ƙare.

II. Malamai na Tushen

Babban Zabi: Bayyana cewa duka rawurwar da ake amfani a cikin ƙarfin kablò suka ci gaba da malamai da takaitaccen gwamnati da al'adu (kamar GB/T 3956, GB/T 12706, GB/T 19666, wato).
Kontrollo na Nau'in Aiki: Kula tsari a kan nau'in aiki da kuma aikin ƙare da ake samu a kan ƙarfin.
Dalilin Aiki: Bayyana cewa duka alamomin aikin ƙare - masu ilimin kashi, da kuma aikin ƙare, da kuma aikin ƙarshen - suka ci gaba da ko zama da muhimmanci a kan takaitaccen gwamnati da al'adu.
Kudin Kirkiro: Samun abubuwa da suka iya shiga waɗannan abubuwa a cikin tsarin labaran da ake yi don bincike a cikin ƙarfin da ake samu a kan ƙarfin da ba a yi aiki da yawa ba, da kuma inganta abin da ake iya shiga waɗannan abubuwa.
Nau'in Tsari: Kunna aiki mai ilimi daidai da kuma tushen da ake yi don labaran da ake samu a kan ƙarfin ƙare da aikin ƙare.

III. Ayyuka Mai Tushen: Kontrollo da Labaran da Ake Yi Don Aikin ƙare da Kablò

(A) Kontrollo da Labaran da Ake Yi Don Rawurwar ƙare (Kontrollo na Zabi)

1. Tasirin da Kofin Makarantun Baɓɓuka:

Zabi makarantun baɓɓuka da suka da aiki mai ilimi (kamar ISO 9001), tasirin baɓɓuka da yawa, da kuma sunan da ya fi yawa a cikin al'adu.
Yi tsarin labaran da ake yi tsaye ko bayyana baɓɓukan a kan rawurwar baɓɓukan.

2. Labaran da Ake Yi Don Duk Matakin Rawurwar ƙare:

Rawurwar ƙare (Copper/Aluminum Rod/Wire):

Ayyuka da Ake Yi Labara: Labaran da ake yi don jumla kimiyawi (jumla copper, abubuwa masu ƙarfi), aikin ƙare (tensile strength, elongation, repeated bending), kula tsari a kan resistivity (a 20°C).
Tsarin Da Ake Iya Rufe: GB/T 3953 (Round Copper Wire for Electrical Purposes), GB/T 3954 (Aluminum Rods for Electrical Purposes), GB/T 3956 (Conductors of Insulated Cables), wato.
Tushen da Ake Amfani a Kan Labaran: Ayyuka kimiyawi (kamar spectrometer), tensile testing machine, Wheatstone bridge, ko precision resistance meter.

Rawurwar ƙarshen da Sheath (PVC, XLPE, PE, LSZH, wato):

Ayyuka da Ake Yi Labara:

Aikin ƙare: Suna, density, thickness uniformity, tensile strength & elongation at break, performance comparison before/after aging.
Aikin kashi: Volume/surface resistivity.
Aikin ƙarshen: Heat deformation, hot set test (for XLPE), low-temperature impact/bend test.
Aikin ƙarshen (for LSZH/Flame Retardant Materials): Oxygen index, smoke density, acid gas content, halogen content (for halogen-free requirement).

Tsarin Da Ake Iya Rufe: GB/T 8815 (Unplasticized Polyvinyl Chloride Compounds), GB/T 15065 (Crosslinked Polyethylene Insulation Compounds), GB/T 18380 (Tests on Electric Cables Under Fire Conditions - Single Flame Test), GB/T 17651 (Measurement of Smoke Density), GB/T 17650 (Halogen-free, Low-smoke Materials and Products), da wasu tsarin da suka da muhimmanci.
Tushen da Ake Amfani a Kan Labaran: Universal material testing machine, aging oven, resistivity tester, hot set test device, oxygen index analyzer, smoke density chamber, chemical analyzers.

Rawurwar ƙarshen (Copper Tape/Wire): Thickness, resistance, coverage rate.
Rawurwar Filling/Bedding: Water resistance (if applicable), aikin ƙare, compatibility.

3. Tsarin da Ake Yi Labara:

Duka rawurwar da ake samu zai iya ƙunshi Certificate of Analysis (COA)/Certificate of Conformity (COC) daga baɓɓukan.
Yi tsarin labaran da ake yi tsaye a kan rawurwar da ake samu a kan tsarin da ake rufe (kamar GB/T 2828.1). Ana iya kara tsarin labaran da ake yi tsaye ko kula tsari a kan rawurwar da suka da muhimmanci (kamar ƙarfin, rawurwar ƙarshen).
Rawurwar da ba a yi aiki da yawa ba, ana iya kula tsari a kan amincewa a cikin ƙarfin.

(B) Kontrollo na Nau'in Aiki (Kontrollo na Nau'in Aiki)

1. Kula Tsari a Kan Nau'in Aiki:

Stranding na ƙarfin: Lay ratio, outer diameter, compaction (conductor).
Extrusion Process: Temperature settings and control per zone, extrusion pressure, line speed, cooling process (significantly impacts crystallinity).
Cross-linking Process (for XLPE): Irradiation dose/vulcanization temperature & time (critical for degree of cross-linking), cooling conditions.
Shielding Process: Coverage rate, overlap quality.
Cabling: Lay length, core stability.
Sheath Extrusion: Thickness uniformity, surface quality, printing legibility.

2. Tsarin da Ake Yi Labara:

Bayyana tsarin da ake yi labara online ko offline a kan nau'in aiki (kamar, after extrusion, cross-linking, cabling, sheathing).
Common Sampling Items: Insulation/sheath thickness and eccentricity, outer diameter, structural dimensions, appearance (surface defects), spark test / withstand voltage test (online/offline), partial physical property sampling (e.g., tensile).

(C) Kontrollo da Labaran da Ake Yi Don Aikin ƙare ƙare (Final Verification)

1. Type Testing (for new products or first batch of important contracts): Perform all tests specified in relevant standards (e.g., GB/T 12706.1/2) to comprehensively verify design conformity.
2. Routine Tests (Per Batch / Per Drum / Per Reel):

Core Items:

Conductor DC Resistance Test: Measure the resistance of each conductor to verify compliance with nominal cross-section requirements (GB/T 3956). This is fundamental for ampacity and heating calculations.
Partial Discharge Test (Essential for MV/HV cables): Detect minute defects within the insulation that may lead to long-term failure (GB/T 3048.8, GB/T 12706). Extremely Important!
Voltage Test (Withstand Voltage Test):

Power Frequency AC Withstand Voltage: Most common. Apply multiple rated voltage (e.g., 2.5U₀) for a specified duration (e.g., 5 min). Insulation must not break down.
DC Withstand Voltage (Specific applications): Used for certain cable types or as a supplement to AC tests.

Insulation Resistance Measurement: Measure the resistance between conductor and shield/metallic sheath/earth, reflecting the insulation material's basic insulating properties (GB/T 3048.5/6).

3. Sample Tests (Batch Sampling or Periodic Tests):

Electrical Performance:

Capacitance measurement (if applicable).
Dielectric loss tangent (tan δ) measurement (especially for HV cables).

Structural Dimensions and Physical Properties:

Insulation and sheath thickness measurement: Ensure compliance with minimum design requirements.
Outer diameter measurement: Control tolerances.
Physical & Mechanical Performance Tests:

Tensile Strength and Elongation at Break (insulation/sheath) before/after aging: Key indicators, reflecting material's anti-aging capability and toughness (GB/T 2951.1).
Hot Set Test (Essential for XLPE insulation): Verify the degree of cross-linking compliance (GB/T 2951.21).
Low Temperature Impact/Bend Test: Assess material brittleness at low temperatures.
Flexing/Bending Test: Simulate installation and operating conditions to test cable flexibility (GB/T 12527).

Bending Test: Verify the cable's minimum allowable bending radius (usually performed on finished cable).
Fire Performance Tests (As per design requirements):

Single vertical flame test (GB/T 18380.1 series).
Bunched flame test (GB/T 18380.3 series).
Smoke density test (GB/T 17651).
Halogen-free, Low-smoke performance tests (Acid gas content, pH value, conductivity, light transmittance, halogen content - GB/T 17650).

Structural Examination: Conductor structure, shield coverage rate, core arrangement, filling density, metallic armor layer (dimensions, lay length, overlap gap), etc.

4. Testing Process:

Assign unique identification per finished cable batch/drum/reel.
Select representative samples according to defined sampling plans (per GB/T 2828.1 or contract requirements).
Conduct tests in accredited laboratories, adhering to current and valid national standards, industry standards, enterprise standards, or contract technical agreements.
All test items must have clearly defined pass/fail criteria.
Record test results in the finished product test report.

(D) Third-Party Verification and Inspection (Optional but Recommended)

For major projects, high-value cables used in critical locations, or upon specific user request:

Engage accredited independent third-party testing institutions (e.g., with CNAS/CMA accreditation) to perform sampling/re-testing of incoming materials or finished products.
Commission professional inspection agencies to witness and conduct on-site observation (audit/surveillance) during cable production (especially key processes) and final testing.

IV. Quality Testing Agency and Equipment Assurance

Accreditation: Laboratories performing testing tasks must possess relevant accreditation (e.g., CNAS, CMA).
Equipment Requirements: Equipped with comprehensive, fully functional testing equipment of requisite accuracy, regularly calibrated and verified (according to JJG procedures):

High-voltage test equipment (Power Frequency AC, DC, Impulse, Partial Discharge Systems).
Precision Bridges, Resistance Meters.
Universal Material Testing Machines (with high/low temperature chambers and aging ovens).
Hot Set Test Apparatus.
Fire Test Equipment.
Precision Measuring Tools (Calipers, Projectors).
Chemical Analysis Instruments (Spectrometer, Titrator, Ion Chromatograph, etc.).
Thickness Gauges (Laser, Ultrasonic).

Personnel Requirements: Testing personnel must be professionally trained, proficient in standards and operating procedures, and hold valid certification.

V. Non-Conforming Product Handling

Identify and isolate any product found non-conforming during any stage (raw material, process, finished goods).
Conduct non-conformance review to analyze the root cause.
Based on the review conclusion, implement one of the following actions: Re-work/Repair (if feasible upon evaluation and core performance is unaffected), Downgrade/Use as Concession (only for non-critical scenarios with user approval), or Scrap.
Strictly prohibit non-conforming products from reaching the project site in any form.

VI. Records and Traceability

Establish complete electronic and physical backup records of all inspections, including at least:

Raw Material Supplier Information, Batch Number, Purchase Order Number, Raw Material Test Reports.
Production Batch Number, Operation Logs (Key Parameters), Process Inspection Records.
Finished Product Identification (Type, Specification, Length, Manufacturing Date, Batch/Drum/Reel No.), Complete Finished Product Test Report (covering all mandatory and optional test results), Copy of Type Test Report (if applicable).
Third-Party Test/Inspection Reports.

Maintain archives for the defined period (typically not less than the product's expected lifecycle) to ensure product quality traceability. In case of quality issues, enable rapid tracing back to raw material batches, production conditions, and test data.

07/31/2025

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