Wani Atom?

Amsa ce mafi yawan mutanen wani abu da ya fi zama ko kuma za su iya haɗa da amsa masu wata daga cikin abubuwa.

A shekarar 1808, malam kimiyar, fisykas, da meteorologir Jawn Dalton ne ta fitar da littafinsa game da amsa. A baya, akwai wasu abubuwa da ba a bayyana a kan kimiyar suna buƙaci da tattaunawa a cikin littafin Daltons. Saboda haka, ana yi littafin wannan zuwa yanayi na kimiyar. Zaɓuɓɓuka da ke littafin Daltons game da amsa sun hada da haka.

• Duk mutanen suka gudanar da amsa mai tsawo da ba a iya kawo kamar da ba a iya lalace.

• Duk amsa da ke cikin elementoci masu kayan al'amuran da dama amma suka shiga da amsa da ke cikin elementocin daɗi.

• Amsa da ke cikin elementocin daɗi suna haɗa su don samun compound.

• Rike kimiyar ba a ci gaba daya da kuma aiki a haɗe waɗannan amsa.

• Amsa ba a iya kawo kamar da ba a iya lalace saboda wani abu.

Littafin Daltons ya kasance da wasu abubuwa da ba su da ma'ana sosai kamar haka; a ranar yanzu ana sani cewa amsa zai iya lalace. Amma, akwai wasu amsa da ke cikin elementoci masu kayan al'amuran da biyu (isotopes). Littafin ba ta iya bayyana cewa akwai allotropes ba.

Amma a zamani na yanzu, takaitaccen amsa ana yi da a haɗe masu fa'idar modelin Rutherford da modelin Bohr. Duk mutanen suka gudanar da amsa. Duk amsa suna da,

1. Nucleus

2. Electrons

Nucleus of Atom

Nucleus an samu a tushen amsa. Tsawon nucleus ita ce kadan darasi ɗaya da tsawon duk amsa. Duk tsawon amsa an samu a nucleus. Nucleus tana da waɗanda ake kiran:

1. Proton

2. Neutron

Proton

Protons su ne ayyukan ayyuka. Ayyukan a cikin har proton shine 1.6 × 10-19 Coulomb. Yawan protons a cikin nucleus amsa shine tsarin amsa.

Neutron

Neutrons ba su da ayyukan elektrikal. Mana cewa, neutrons su ne ayyukan mai girma. Tsawon har neutron shine kusan tsawon proton.
Nucleus an samu ayyukan daɗi saboda ayyukan ayyukan protons. A cikin kowane abu, miyartar amsa da kayan al'amuran radioaktif suna haɗa da nucleus.

Electrons

An electron shine ayyukan mai tsakiyar da ake samu a cikin amsa. Ayyukan a cikin har electron shine – 1.6 × 10 – 19 Coulomb. Wadannan electrons suna sura nucleus. Wasu bayanai game da electrons a cikin amsa suna nuna da bayyana a nan:

• Idan amsa da take da yawan protons da electrons, amsa ta fi mai girma saboda ayyukan mai tsakiyar electrons ta koyar ayyukan daɗi protons.

• Electrons suna sura nucleus a shells (ko kuma orbits).

• Karamin ayyukan daɗi nucleus ta koyar electrons. Karamin ta koyar shine centripetal force da ya fi kyau don electrons sura nucleus.

• Electrons da ke rage nucleus su ne mai girma da nucleus. Zai zama mafi karfi a cikin rike electrons daga amsa a matsayin wadanda ke rage nucleus.

• Tsarin amsa aluminum shine kamar yadda ake nuna a tasirin:

• Yawan energy mai yiwuwa a cikin orbit don rike electron. Yawan energy da ke buƙata don rike electron daga orbit na farko ya fi kyau a matsayin yawan energy da ke buƙata don rike electron daga orbit na gaba. Saboda karamin ayyukan da nucleus ta koyar electrons a orbit na farko ya fi kyau a matsayin karamin ayyukan da ta koyar electrons a orbit na gaba. Hakan, yawan energy da ke buƙata don rike electron daga orbit na biyu zai zama mafi kyau a matsayin orbit na farko amma zai zama mafi karfi a matsayin orbit na uku. Saboda haka, ana iya cewa electrons a orbit su ne da yawan energy mai yiwuwa. Don haka, orbit ko shells suke kiran da energy levels.

• Energy levels suna kiran da letters K, L, M, N, etc. Idan, K shine orbit na farko a nucleus da kuma yawan energy na biyu. Na biyu, orbit na gaba shine yawan energy na mafi yawa.

• Yawan electrons da ke buƙata a cikin energy level shine '2n2', idan, n shine integer da kuma ya kiran da "principal quantum number". Don energy levels daɗi, yawan 'n' da kuma yawan electrons da ke buƙata a cikin energy level shine kamar yadda ake nuna a jirgin:

• Formula (2n2) da ake amfani da ita don haɗe yawan electrons da ke buƙata a cikin shell, tana da wasu batu. Yawan electrons a orbit na gaba (energy level na mafi yawa) ba zai iya fi kawo kamar da 8. Misali, a nemi amsa calcium, tana da 20 electrons a cikin nucleus. Daga formula 2n2, yawan electrons shine 2 electrons a K level, 8 electrons a L level, da kuma 10 electrons da suke buƙata. Amma, electrons a orbit na gaba ba zai iya fi kawo kamar da 8. Saboda haka, zai zama 8 electrons a M level, da kuma 2 electrons zai zama a N level. Tsarin amsa calcium shine kamar yadda ake nuna a tasirin: