Pagsulay sa Pag-atiman sa mga Sayop sa Transmission Line
Isip usa ka pundamental nga komponente sa power grid, ang transmission lines adunay wide nga distribusyon ug daghan, kasagaran mahimong mapakita sa iba't ibang heograpikal ug klimatiko nga kondisyon, na resulta nagpadayon sila sa sayop. Ang mga karanihang rason mao ang overvoltage, pollution flashover, insulation damage, tree encroachment, ug external damage. Ang line tripping usa sa labing kahigayonan nga sayop sa operasyon sa power plant ug substation, sama sa single-phase-to-ground, phase-to-phase-to-ground, phase-to-phase, ug three-phase short circuits. Sa matag usa niini, ang single-phase-to-ground faults ang labing kahigayonan, representando og higit sa 95% sa tanang line faults.
Ang mga sayop mahimong iklasifikar isip transient o permanent:
Ang permanent faults kasagaran gikan sa equipment defects o broken insulators, diin ang sayop magpadayon hangtod ma-repair.
Ang transient faults mao ang resulta sa insulator flashovers, surface discharges tungod sa fog o snow, wind-blown debris, tree branches, o animal contact, nga mahimong self-clear human lang ang panahon.
Ang estadistika nagpakita nga ang transient faults representando og 70%–80% sa tanang line faults, na resulta sila ang labing kahigayonan.

(1) Tower Collapse: Kasagaran mahitabo kung may severe weather sama sa storms o tornado-like winds, diin ang high winds mahimong makapukaw sa structural failure o collapse sa transmission towers.
(2) Lightning-Induced Tripping: Sa panahon sa thunderstorms, ang direct lightning strikes o induced overvoltages mahimong makapukaw sa flashovers sa lines, isa sa primary causes sa tripping.
(3) External Damage: Inklusibo ang illegal construction, stacking of materials, excavation, stone quarrying, tree planting, unauthorized attachments, ug theft of power facilities sa right-of-way, tanan nimo nga nagbabanta sa safety sa line.
(4) Conductor and Ground Wire Icing: Sa winter, ang ice accumulation nagpadako sa mechanical load, pagbag-o sa conductor sag. Ang severe icing mahimong makadamage sa hardware, break insulator strings, o even cause tower collapse o conductor breakage, na resulta sa tripping.
(5) Conductor Galloping: Kung horizontal winds blow across conductors nga naging non-circular tungod sa ice, ang aerodynamic forces mahimong makapukaw sa low-frequency, high-amplitude self-excited oscillations—known as galloping. Ang galloping mahimong makapukaw sa phase-to-phase short circuits, lalo na sa vertically arranged lines.
(6) Bird-Related Flashovers: Sa areas nga may high bird populations, ang flocks roosting sa tower cross-arms mahimong madeposit og droppings sa insulator strings, pagbawas sa insulation strength. Sa wet conditions (rain, fog), kini mahimong makapukaw sa flashovers ug single-phase-to-ground faults.
(7) Pollution Flashover: Ang industrial soot ug exhaust pollutants nagdeposit sa insulator surfaces, pagbawas sa insulation performance. Sa humid conditions (fog, rain, dew), kini mahimong makapukaw sa flashovers ug line tripping.

(1) Permanent Faults: Kon ang relay protection nagsatisfy sa apat nga key requirements (selectivity, speed, sensitivity, ug reliability) ug ang circuit breakers adunay sufficient interrupting capacity, ang system stability dili kasagaran severely affected. Sa matag caso, mahimo ang attempted forced re-energization (strong send), kon ang protection systems expected to correctly isolate the faulted line. Ang operational experience wala mogamit sa cases diin ang failed strong sends nakapukaw sa cascading outages o expanded incidents.
(2) Foreign Object Contact: Kasagaran nagresulta sa conductor strand breakage. Kon ang few strands lang ang nabreak, ang line kasagaran makapadayon sa operasyon sa controlled load.
(3) Lightning Strikes: Bisan unsa, tungod sa prolonged insulation recovery time, ang reclosing time delay dili kasagaran sufficient, na resulta sa unsuccessful reclosing. Pero ang operational experience ug statistics nagpakita nga ang lightning damage kasagaran minor, ug ang success rate sa forced re-energization gi maintain sa taas.
(4) Failed Reclosing after Cascading Trip: Ang rason mahimong mailhan sa protection action records ug technical analysis. Kon confirmed, ang failed-to-trip circuit breaker mahimong manually opened, followed by forced re-energization of the line.
(1) Kon ang transient fault nahitabo ug ang circuit breaker trips ug successfully recloses, ang operating personnel mahimong magrecord sa oras, check ug document ang operation sa line protection ug fault recorders, verify no internal equipment damage, ug report sa dispatch.
(2) Para sa lines equipped with synchronizing devices, kon ang circuit breaker trips ug ang voltage confirmed sa line under acceptable synchronizing conditions, ang on-site personnel mahimong perform synchronization ug reconnection without waiting for dispatch orders, then report sa dispatch.
(3) Kon ang circuit breaker o protection failure nagpukaw sa cascading trip, ang operating personnel kinahanglan identify ug isolate ang fault point before re-energizing. Ang re-closing strictly prohibited hangtod ang rason identified ug ang fault isolated, para i-prevent ang further escalation.
(4) Kon ang circuit breaker trips during protection maintenance (with the line energized), with no fault recording ug no tripping on the opposite side, ang all secondary circuit work mahimong immediately halted. Ang rason mahimong investigated, reported sa dispatch, ug after appropriate measures taken, a test re-energization may be attempted (possibly due to unremoved protection channels or accidental contact).
(5) After fault handling, ang personnel kinahanglan magrecord sa detailed incident logs, circuit breaker trip counts, ug compile a comprehensive on-site report based on trip records, protection and automatic device actions, event logs, fault recordings, ug microprocessor protection printouts.
(6) Upon a line trip, ang personnel kinahanglan immediately determine:
Ania ang protections o automatic devices operated;
Kon ang breaker successfully reclosed;
Kon single-phase o multi-phase tripping, ug ania ang phase;
Kon ang voltage remains sa line;
Kon ang fault recording available;
Kon ang event prints, central signals, ug protection panel indications correct;
Kon ang microprocessor protection generated a report;
On-site inspection sa actual breaker position ug all line-side equipment para sa signs of short circuits, grounding, flashovers, broken conductors, broken porcelain, explosions, o oil spraying—regardless of whether reclosing occurred.
(7) Kon ang fault nagpukaw sa breaker trip ug reclosing fails, ang operating personnel mahimong magrecord sa oras, reset alarms, check ug document ang protection ug fault recorder actions, confirm no plant equipment damage, set ang breaker control switch sa "after-trip" position, ug log ang number of trips. Ang subsequent actions may include:
Para sa critical lines o special periods (e.g., major power supply assurance), after a visual inspection sa breaker wala adunay abnormalities, disable reclosing ug attempt one forced re-energization;
Sa normal conditions, ang line maintenance unit kinahanglan inspect key sections (e.g., crossings over roads, railways, bridges, rivers, residential areas) para sa confirmation sa wala adunay abnormalities. After disabling reclosing, attempt a test re-energization. Kon forced re-energization fails, step-by-step voltage escalation may be applied if conditions allow;
Kon ang fault accompanied sa obvious signs (e.g., fire, explosion), immediate forced re-energization prohibited. Ang equipment kinahanglan inspected first. After successful re-energization, ang line current kinahanglan controlled, ug ang maintenance unit notified immediately para sa inspection sa line ug obtain fault data promptly;
Para sa single-source load lines, kon tripping occurs ug reclosing fails, ang on-site personnel mahimong immediately attempt one forced re-energization without waiting for dispatch orders, then report sa dispatch.