Sistemanên Karkerdina | Sistemanên Karkerdina Tirî û Nîtirî

Cîhazê kontrol yek cîhaz ê ke digel, komand, derîger û rêgirin an çendina cîhanên din dikare ku wateyek bexwîn bibe. Bi dîrokê din, pêşkeftina cîhaza kontrol dike ye ku wateyek ku cîhazan din kontrol dikare ku bexwîna wateyek bide. Heke heman jî cûrên cîhazên kontrol, ku di berê de dest bi rêya cîhazên kontrol linear an cîhazên kontrol non-linear. Ev cûrên cîhazên kontrol li vir dike heye.

Cîhazên Kontrol Linear

Bi tenê ku bigihînîn cîhazên kontrol linear, ya ku ema serbestiya superposition bigihînîn. Serbestiya teorema superposition du mîhengan herêmîn u ev dike navkirin:
Homogeneity: Yek cîhaz homogenous e, ger in input bi konstant A re tefrîne, output da heman bi konstant (i.e. A) re tefrîne.
Additivity: Ewaz wekhe cîhaz S hene û input bi a1 ji bo herêmîn dema birayîn û ew output b1 bi input a1. Dema duyem input a2 û output b2.

Niha ewaz input bi summation ê inputs pêşîn (i.e. a1 + a2) û output (b1 + b2) ewaz wekhe cîhaz S serbestiya additivity. Niha ewaz bigihînîn cîhazên kontrol linear wateyek ku serbestiyên homogeneity û additivity.

Misalên Cîhazên Kontrol Linear

Ewaz network resistive bixweber bi DC source constant. Ev circuit serbestiyên homogeneity û additivity. Hemî efektên nediyar hatine negirtin û behavior ideal ê hemî elementan network, ewaz voltage û current linear. Ev misalê cîhazên kontrol linear.

Cîhazên Kontrol Non-Linear

Ewaz bigihînîn cîhazên kontrol non-linear yek cîhaz kontrol ku serbestiya homogeneity nabe. Di civîda wergerde, hemî cîhazên kontrol non-linear ne (cîhazên kontrol linear tenê teorîdane). Describing function yek prosedura approximate ye ku analiz dikare problemên kontrol non-linear.

Misalên Cîhazên Non-Linear

Misalê xweşî yên cîhazên non-linear yek magnetization curve an no load curve of a DC machine. Niha qeymkirin no-load curve of DC machines: No load curve relation bi air gap flux û field winding mmf. Niha dîsa curve given below niha linear relationship bi winding mmf û air gap flux betir saturation has come niha nonlinear behavior of the curve or characteristics of the nonlinear control system.

Analog an Continuous System

Di vê cûrên cîhazên kontrol, signal continuous as input to the system. Ev signals function continuous of time. We may have various sources of continuous input signal like sinusoidal type signal input source, square type of signal input source; the signal may be in the form of continuous triangle etc.

Digital an Discrete System

Di vê cûrên cîhazên kontrol, signal discrete (or signal may be in the form of pulse) as the input to the system. Ev signals have a discrete interval of time. We can convert various sources of continuous input signal like sinusoidal type signal input source, square type of signal input source etc into a discrete form using the switch.
Now there are various advantages of discrete or digital system over the analog system and these advantages are written below:

1. Digital systems can handle nonlinear control systems more effectively than the analog type of systems.

2. Power requirement in case of a discrete or digital system is less as compared to analog systems.

3. Digital system has a higher rate of accuracy and can perform various complex computations easily as compared to analog systems.

4. Reliability of the digital system is more as compared to an analog system. They also have a small and compact size.

5. Digital system works on the logical operations which increases their accuracy many times.

6. Losses in case of discrete systems are less as compared to analog systems in general.

Single Input Single Output Systems

Ev SISO nameyên cîhazên kontrol. Di vê cîhazê, input yek û output yek. Misalên vê cîhazên kontrol temperature control, position control system, etc.

Multiple Input Multiple Output Systems

Ev MIMO nameyên cîhazên kontrol. Di vê cîhazê, inputs zêdetir û outputs zêdetir. Misalên vê cîhazên kontrol PLC type system, etc.

Lumped Parameter System

Di vê cûrên cîhazên kontrol, active and passive components assumed to be concentrated at a point and that’s why these are called lumped parameter type of system. Analysis of such type of system is very easy which includes differential equations.

Distributed Parameter System

Di vê cûrên cîhazên kontrol, active (like inductors and capacitors) and passive parameters (resistor) assumed to be distributed uniformly along the length and that’s why these are called distributed parameter type of system. Analysis of such type of system is slightly difficult which includes partial differential equations.

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