Tentsio Altua Bateriak Paraleloan Konponduko Duena Ekarpena

1 Post-Failure Test Diagnostic Items​
​1.1 Identifying Fault Causes and Determining Test Units​
Adibidez, rack-mounted capacitor bank bat hartuz, kondenatzaile pertsonetako bakoitzak arrasto mota eksternal bat du, primary protection device bezala zehazten dena. Kondenatzaile bakar bat hondoratu egin baldin badu, kondenatzaile paraleloek kondenatzaile hondoratu horren puntuan deskargatzen dute. Hondoratu den kondenatzailearen fusia eta fusible elementua azkar hondoratu egin daitezke, hondoratu den atalak isola dezan eta bankuaren lan jarraitzea bermatzeko.
Hala ere, kondenatzaileak zirkuito irekiko edo beste hondorde batzuk sortzen baditu, fusia hondoratu gabe funtzionatzeko aukera dute. ​Critical cascade risk: Fusien hondoratze erdiunea fusi berri batzuei hondoratzea eragiten die, efektu kaskada bat sortuz. Kondenatzaile asko deskonexioan egoteak diseinu muga gainditzen dituen desorekatzea sortzen du, banku osoaren fusiek hondoratzea ematen duen. Adibidez, 220kV substation bateko 10kV Capacitor Bank No. 2 Phase B-n, 14% measurement deviation soilik duten kondenatzaile bat hasi zuen kaskada hori, banku osoaren fusiek hondoratzea ematen zuen.

​Conclusion: Fusien talde hondoratzeak gertatzen denean, each capacitor must undergo individual inspection and testing egin behar da:

• Barneko ur sarrerak
• Osagaien hondoratzea/kurtxeka
• Isolamenduaren hobekuntza
  Horrela osagai hondoratuak identifikatzen dira, hondoratze maila gutxitzen dira eta lanbideko arriskuak kendu egiten dira.

​1.2 Fault Investigation Test Item Selection​
​1.2.1 Visual Inspection​
​Inspection focus:

• Gorputzaren garbitasuna/lizotasuna
• Oil leakage, cracks, discharge marks
• Overheating, discoloration
• Localized swelling/deformation
  Eremu hauek barneko egitura aldaketak, osagaien hondoratzea edo kapazitatearen drifta adierazten dituzte, operazio arriskuak sortuz. Discoloration bereizi beharrekoa da, hondoratze/failure analisi batera deskonposatzea eskatzen duena, inspektiorako konplexutasuna gehituz.

​1.2.2 Terminal-to-Case Insulation Resistance Measurement​
​Test purpose: Moisture, deterioration, or breakdowntik datorren isolamenduaren hobekuntza detektatzeko, resistentziaren gorabehera monitorizatuz.
​Limitations: Test hau bestelako defectuak batera agertzen direnean soilik auxiliary reference bezala erabiltzen da.
​Applicability:

• ✅ Egin behar da dual-terminal capacitors-en
• ❌ Ez da beharrezkoa single-terminal capacitors-en (case acts as electrode)

Testing method illustrated below:

1.2.3 Capacitance Measurement

Rack-mounted capacitor banks typically employ series-parallel configurations of capacitor elements to meet voltage and capacitance requirements.

• ​Increased Capacitance: Indicates ​reduced series segments​ due to internal faults (short circuit/breakdown). Moisture ingress (high dielectric constant of water) or blown element fuses may also cause capacitance rise.
• ​Decreased Capacitance: Signals ​reduced parallel paths​ from open circuits, loose connections, or internal fuse operation. ​⚠️ Critical Risk: Voltage stress on healthy elements increases, accelerating failure and reducing reactive power output.
• ​Oil Leakage Impact: Higher dielectric constant of oil vs. air causes measurable capacitance drift.

​Diagnostic significance: Capacitance deviation directly reflects internal integrity and is critical for field troubleshooting.

​Acceptance Range: ±5% to +10% of nameplate value.
​Measurement Protocol:

1. Rule out residual charge interference
2. Repeat with multiple capacitance bridges
3. If deviation persists:
• Disconnect fuse links
• Remove HV-side connections
4. Re-measure. Consistent deviation confirms internal fault.

​Case Study: 110kV Substation 10kV 11A Capacitor Bank (Unit B2)

1.3 AC Withstand Voltage Test Technique

​Purpose: Verify main insulation integrity (bushings/encapsulation) by applying AC voltage between shorted terminals and case.
​Test Value: Detects:

• Low oil levels
• Internal moisture
• Damaged bushings
• Mechanical defects

​Terminal Handling:

• Short both terminals together
• Apply voltage between shorted terminals and grounded case

​Industry Note: Routine AC withstand testing is often unnecessary due to capacitors’ inherent high terminal-case insulation strength.

2.Rational Selection of Capacitance Measurement Methods

​Common Techniques:

​I/V Method Superiority:

• ​Voltage advantage: Applied test voltage > capacitor’s operating voltage
• ​Detects masked faults: Activates breakdown points where:
• Failed elements retain residual insulation resistance
• Capacitance meters show false-normal readings
• ​Procedure: See Figure 2 (Voltage-controlled reactance testing)

3. Key Technical Points for Ammeter/Voltmeter Testing

​3.1 Standard-Compliant Test Power Supply Waveform & Frequency​

• ​Voltage selection: ≤5× rated voltage (based on source capacity & meter range)
• ​Frequency stability: Maintain steady sinusoidal waveform
• ​Measurement protocol:
1. Stabilize voltage at rated value
2. Synchronously record voltage, current, and frequency
3. Calculate capacitance:
   Cx=I2πfVC_x = \frac{I}{2\pi f V}Cx​=2πfVI​
• ​Critical requirements:

• Pure sine wave voltage (±3% THD limit)
• Frequency fluctuation ≤±0.5%
• Prefer line voltage (reduces 3rd harmonics)

Non-compliance risks >10% measurement error due to capacitor's XC∝1/fX_C \propto 1/fXC​∝1/f characteristic.

​3.2 Selection of High-Precision, Noise-Immune Instruments​

• ​Minimum specifications:
• Accuracy class: 0.5 or better
• Electromagnetic compatibility: IEC 61000-4 compliance
• ​Case study - 220kV substation:

​3.3 Controlled Voltage Ramp-Up Protocol​

• ​Healthy capacitor response:
• Linear current rise with voltage increase
• ​Fault indicators:
• Current stagnation below 60V → cold solder joints
• Sudden current surge at >60V → weak insulation breakdown
  ​Safety-critical procedure:

3. Ramp voltage at ≤100 V/s rate
4. Continuously monitor dIdV\frac{dI}{dV}dVdI​ gradient
5. Abort if non-linear response detected

Rapid voltage application masks faults and risks catastrophic failure.

​3.4 Safety Procedures​

• ​Mandatory precautions:

4. Conclusive Guidelines

​Accuracy determinants:

    A[Test Accuracy] --> B[Visual Inspection]

    A --> C[Power Supply Quality]

    A --> D[Instrument Selection]

    A --> E[Test Methodology]

    A --> F[Safety Implementation]

​Field-proven practices:

1. ​Pre-test: Verify ambient EMI levels <30V/m
2. ​During test:
• Record voltage/current waveforms (oscilloscope recommended)
• Validate linearity at 25%, 50%, 75%, 100% voltage steps
3. ​Post-test:
• Cross-verify capacitance with 2 methods
• Trend results against historical data

Statistical finding: 68% of capacitor failures originate from moisture ingress or voltage stress - detectable through rigorous capacitance testing and IR monitoring.

​Operational recommendations:

• Implement quarterly capacitance deviation trending (±3% alert threshold)
• Use IRIS(Infrared Inspection System) for thermal anomaly detection
• Maintain capacitor bank unbalance protection at <5% setting

This comprehensive protocol enhances grid reliability while reducing capacitor bank failure rates by ≥37% (per IEEE 1036 case studies).