Calculate missing transformer parameter: input any 3 of primary/secondary voltage (Vp, Vs) or turns (Np, Ns). Ideal for step-down/up design. Free, no signup. Instantly solve for any missing value—primary voltage (Vp), secondary voltage (Vs), primary turns (Np), or secondary turns (Ns)—using the ideal transformer equation. Just enter any three known quantities, and the tool calculates the fourth in real time—no manual algebra, no guesswork. Formula & Working Principle Fundamental Transformer Equation All calculations are based on the ideal transformer model, governed by the turns ratio law: Vp / Vs = Np / Ns Where: Vp = Primary voltage (AC input, in volts) Vs = Secondary voltage (AC output, in volts) Np = Number of turns in the primary winding Ns = Number of turns in the secondary winding Key Assumptions This calculator assumes an ideal transformer, meaning: No core losses (hysteresis or eddy currents) No copper losses (winding resistance = 0) No leakage flux (perfect magnetic coupling) No magnetizing current These simplifications are standard in design-phase estimation, where quick parametric validation is more critical than real-world efficiency modeling. For detailed performance analysis, use finite-element simulation tools. How It Works The equation can be rearranged to solve for any unknown: Vp = Vs * (Np / Ns) Vs = Vp * (Ns / Np) Np = Ns * (Vp / Vs) Ns = Np * (Vs / Vp) Our tool automates this logic—you just input three values. Practical Example Scenario: You’re designing a step-down transformer to convert a 480 V industrial supply to 120 V for control circuitry. The primary winding will have 800 turns. How many secondary turns are needed? Given: Vp = 480 V Vs = 120 V Np = 800 Calculation: Ns = Np * (Vs / Vp) = 800 * (120 / 480) = 800 * 0.25 = 200 Result: 200 secondary turns are required. This exact calculation takes one second in the tool—just enter the three known values and get the answer instantly. Common Applications Step-Down Transformer Design Convert 480 V to 120 V for control circuits. Input Vp, Vs, Np → get Ns. Step-Up Transformer Sizing Build a 12 V to 240 V inverter stage. Input Vp, Vs, Ns → get Np. Isolation Transformer Specification Verify 1:1 ratio (e.g., Vp = Vs = 230 V → Np = Ns). Rapid Prototyping & BOM Estimation Estimate wire length and layer count from calculated turns for mechanical integration. Educational Validation Students and instructors verify homework or lab results instantly. Who Is This For? This tool is designed for professionals who need fast, reliable transformer parameter estimation during the conceptual or specification phase: Electrical Engineers – Designing power supplies, motor drives, or distribution systems Power System Designers – Specifying transformers for industrial or utility applications Industrial Equipment Architects – Integrating custom magnetics into machinery R&D Engineers – Prototyping new energy conversion topologies Technical Educators & Students – Teaching or learning transformer fundamentals Note: This tool is not intended for final production validation, where thermal, efficiency, and regulatory compliance must be modeled with advanced simulation software. Frequently Asked Questions What is the formula for transformer winding? The core formula is Vp / Vs = Np / Ns. This relates input/output voltages to the number of turns in each coil. How do you calculate transformer turns? Enter any three of: primary voltage, secondary voltage, primary turns, or secondary turns. The calculator solves for the missing value using the ideal transformer equation. Can a transformer go from 120V to 240V? Yes—that’s a step-up transformer with a 1:2 turns ratio. For example, 100 primary turns require 200 secondary turns. How to find secondary turns from voltage? Use Ns = Np * (Vs / Vp). Our calculator does this automatically when you input Vp, Vs, and Np. What does “ideal transformer” mean? An ideal transformer has no losses (no resistance, no core loss, perfect coupling). It’s used for theoretical design estimates, not real-world efficiency prediction. Is this calculator accurate for real transformers? It’s accurate for initial sizing and ratio validation. Real transformers require derating for losses, regulation, and temperature—but this tool gives you the correct starting point. Do I need to sign up to use it? No. The calculator is free, requires no email, and works instantly on any device.

Calculate required kVAR for MV/LV transformer power factor correction. Input rated kVA and no-load current (%) to size capacitor banks, reduce losses, and avoid utility penalties per IEC 60076 & IEEE 141. Why Use This Calculator? Reduce line current and copper losses in feeders Minimize iron losses caused by excessive magnetizing VARs Avoid utility penalties for low power factor (typically below 0.9) Increase effective capacity of existing transformers Support compliance with energy efficiency standards How It Works Under no-load conditions, a transformer draws reactive power to establish the magnetic field in its core. This magnetizing VAR lowers the system power factor. The required compensation is calculated as: Q = S × I₀% Where: Q = Required capacitor capacity (kVAR) S = Transformer rated apparent power (kVA) I₀% = No-load current as a percentage of rated current This tool automates the calculation using only nameplate data. Example Calculation Scenario: A 500 kVA distribution transformer has a no-load current of 2.5%. Q = 500 × 2.5% = 12.5 kVAR Result: Install a 12.5 kVAR capacitor bank on the LV side to offset magnetizing reactive power and improve overall power factor. Typical Applications Industrial Facilities – Correct PF for transformers feeding motor loads to avoid demand charges. Commercial Buildings – Optimize LV transformer performance for lighting, HVAC, and IT systems. Rural Distribution Networks – Reduce voltage drop and losses in lightly loaded MV/LV transformers over long lines. Data Centers – Pre-size reactive compensation during infrastructure planning to meet PUE targets. Energy Audits & Retrofits – Rapidly estimate kVAR needs using only transformer nameplate values. Who Should Use This Tool? This calculator is designed for professionals who manage or design electrical distribution systems: Electrical Engineers – Specifying capacitor banks during new installations or upgrades Energy Managers – Identifying cost-saving opportunities through power quality improvements Facility Operators – Responding to utility penalty notices or high reactive energy bills Consulting Engineers – Providing preliminary designs for client proposals Utility Planners – Assessing reactive support requirements in aging distribution networks Frequently Asked Questions How do you calculate power factor correction for a transformer? Input the transformer’s rated kVA and no-load current (%) into this tool. It calculates the magnetizing reactive power (kVAR), which equals the capacitor size needed for full compensation at no-load. Do I need power factor correction? If your facility receives reactive energy charges or your transformer operates with a system power factor below 0.9, correction is likely beneficial. This tool helps quantify the required kVAR. Can you over-correct power factor? Yes. Over-compensation can cause leading power factor, voltage rise, and potential resonance issues. This calculator provides the baseline for no-load correction; final sizing should consider load profile and harmonic content. Does power factor affect my electric bill? Yes. Many utilities impose penalties when average power factor falls below 0.9 (or 0.95). Correcting it reduces billed kVA demand and avoids extra charges. Is this method accurate for real-world transformers? It provides a reliable first approximation based on manufacturer nameplate data. For detailed design, include load profile, harmonics, and switching transients—but this is the standard starting point per IEC 60076 and IEEE 141. Reference Standards Calculations align with: • IEC 60076 (Power Transformers) • IEEE 141 (Recommended Practice for Electric Power Distribution for Industrial Plants)

Calculate three-phase short-circuit current (Iₖ₃F) for electrical engineers per IEC 60909 at MV line, transformer, and LV line ends using grid MVA, uₖ%, and cable data. How It Works: Multi-Point Fault Analysis The tool computes short-circuit current using the IEC 60909 method: I k3F = (c × U 2n) / (√3 × Z TK) Z TK = √(R TK 2 + X TK 2) R TK = R knet + R CableMV + R Tr + R CableLV X TK = X knet + X CableMV + X Tr + X CableLV Note: c = 1.1(voltage factor per IEC 60909). Transformer impedance is derived solely from Voltage fault (%uk). Input Parameter Definitions Parameter Description Typical Regional Values Power net fault Grid short-circuit capacity in MVA — defines upstream source strength Europe: 500 – 5,000 MVA North America: 1,000 – 3,000 MVA Oceania: 800 – 4,000 MVA Industrial sites: Often <500 MVA Primary voltage Transformer primary voltage in kV (e.g., 20 kV) Europe: 10 kV, 20 kV, 30 kV North America: 12.47 kV, 13.2 kV, 24.9 kV, 34.5 kV Oceania: 11 kV, 22 kV Standardized per national grid codes Secondary voltage Transformer secondary rated voltage in V (e.g., 220 V, 400 V) Europe / Oceania: 230/400 V (±10%) North America: 120/208 V, 277/480 V, 347/600 V Industrial LV: Often 400 V or 480 V globally Transformer power Rated apparent power in kVA Commercial buildings: 100 – 1,000 kVA Industrial plants: 500 – 5,000 kVA Common standard sizes: 100, 160, 250, 400, 630, 1000 kVA Voltage fault (%uk) Transformer short-circuit impedance percentage — critical for accuracy Dry-type (≤1 MVA): 4% – 6% Oil-immersed (≥1 MVA): 5% – 8% High-impedance units: Up to 10% Region-independent (depends on design) Joule effect losses Transformer copper losses as % of rated power (typically 1%–2%). Used only for internal verification, not in fault calculation. Dry-type: ~1.0% – 1.8% Oil-immersed: ~0.8% – 1.5% Efficiency class (e.g., IE3) affects value Not used in IEC 60909 fault calc Medium voltage line length Length of MV cable or overhead line in meters Urban substations: 100 – 1,000 m Rural feeders: 1,000 – 10,000 m Industrial plants: Often <500 m Line type Overhead or underground — affects unit reactance Europe: Predominantly underground in cities North America: Overhead common in suburbs/rural Oceania: Mix; underground in new developments Medium voltage wire size Conductor gauge in AWG Note: AWG mainly used in North America Europe/Oceania: mm² (e.g., 95 mm² ≈ 3/0 AWG) Typical MV: 1/0 AWG to 500 kcmil (50–250 mm²) Medium voltage conductors in parallel Number of parallel runs (reduces total impedance) Usually 1 (single run) High-current feeds: 2–4 parallel cables Rarely >4 due to current imbalance Conductor Material (Copper/Aluminum) — impacts resistivity Copper: Common in Europe, industrial apps Aluminum: Widely used in North America (cost) Resistivity ratio: Al ≈ 1.6× Cu Low voltage line length Length of LV cable in meters Building distribution: 10 – 100 m Feeder to motor: Often <50 m Long runs (>100 m) require voltage drop check Low voltage wire size AWG size of LV conductors North America: #12 AWG (20 A), #10 AWG (30 A), #2 AWG (100 A) Europe/Oceania: 2.5 mm², 6 mm², 16 mm², etc. Small sizes increase LV fault impedance significantly Low voltage conductors in parallel Number of parallel LV conductors Typically 1 Large feeders (>200 A): May use 2 in parallel Requires proper derating and balancing Quick Input Rules (The “3-Source Rule”) Grid parameters (from utility company): → Use the values provided by the power supplier. Do not estimate or modify. Transformer parameters (from nameplate or datasheet): → Select a transformer rating with margin for future load. → Enter exact %uk (voltage fault) and copper losses from the nameplate. Cable parameters (from procurement specification or bill of materials): → Length: from single-line diagram or layout drawing → Type / Material / Wire size: as specified in your cable purchase list → Parallel conductors: default to 1 unless explicitly designed otherwise Typical Output Interpretation Example result for a 400 kVA transformer with 4% uk, 100 m MV/LV lines (1 AWG Cu): Fault at MV line end: ~17.8 kA → Verify upstream switchgear withstand Fault at transformer secondary: ~28.4 kA → Select main circuit breaker (e.g., 35 kA rating) Fault at LV line end: ~811 A → Ensure downstream protective devices can clear fault (magnetic trip threshold typically < 500 A) L-PE fault: ~1.09 kA → Check grounding continuity; low value may indicate high earth-loop impedance Key Insight: Short-circuit current decreases significantly along the distribution path due to cable impedance — especially critical in LV circuits with small conductor sizes. Frequently Asked Questions Q:What is substation short-circuit current? A substation short-circuit current refers to the maximum prospective fault current that can flow through a substation under short circuit conditions. It is crucial for determining the ratings of switchgear, cables, and other electrical equipment. Q:How do you calculate short-circuit current at a substation? The calculation involves determining the total impedance from the power source to the point of fault, including contributions from the grid, transformers, and cables. The formula used is Ik3F = (c × U2n) / (√3 × ZTK), where c is the voltage factor, U2n is the nominal secondary voltage, and ZTK is the total impedance. Q:Why is it important to know the short-circuit current at substations? Knowing the short-circuit current helps in selecting appropriate protective devices and ensuring that the installed equipment can withstand potential fault currents without damage. This ensures safety and reliability of the power system. Q:Is Joule effect losses considered in short-circuit current calculations? No, Joule effect losses are not used in short-circuit current calculations. These losses represent energy dissipation due to resistance and are more relevant to efficiency studies rather than fault analysis. Q:Can this tool be used for both MV and LV systems? Yes, this tool supports calculations for both medium-voltage (MV) and low-voltage (LV) systems. It allows users to analyze faults at different points in the distribution network, including the end of MV lines, transformer secondaries, and LV line ends. Who Should Use This Tool? Electrical engineers designing industrial/commercial power systems Protection engineers performing coordination studies Facility managers verifying switchgear and cable ratings Inspectors assessing compliance with IEC 60364 and local codes

Calculate the economic transformer capacity (kVA) that minimizes total cost—balancing investment and losses—using GB 50052 standards. Ideal for industrial, commercial, and renewable energy projects. What Is Economic Transformer Capacity? In power system design, the economic transformer capacity refers to the rated capacity that minimizes the total cost—balancing initial investment and long-term operational losses—while meeting load requirements. Oversizing increases equipment cost and no-load losses; undersizing risks overloading, reduced efficiency, or even equipment failure. Therefore, accurately calculating the economic capacity is essential for a safe, efficient, and cost-effective distribution system. Calculation Principle and Core Formula This calculator implements a widely accepted engineering model aligned with standards such as GB 50052 Code for Design of Power Supply and Distribution Systems: Core Formula: Se = (A × α) / (cosφ × T1) × √(K × T / 8760) Where: Se: Transformer economic capacity (kVA) A: Annual electricity consumption (kWh) α: Load development factor (typically 1.1–1.3) cosφ: Annual average power factor (usually 0.85–0.9) T1: Load operating time per year (h) K: Loss ratio (typically 1.05–1.2) T: Total power connection time per year (h), usually 8760 h Note: This formula accounts for load growth, power factor, operating hours, and transformer losses, making it suitable for practical engineering applications. How to Use This Calculator Enter annual energy consumption (kWh) — from utility bills or historical data Set load growth factor (default: 1.2; ≥1.2 recommended for new projects) Select load factor (e.g., 0.75 for industrial, 0.65 for commercial, 0.6 for residential) Input annual operating hours (e.g., 8760 for 24/7 operation) Click [Calculate] to instantly get the recommended economic transformer size (kVA) Real-World Examples Example 1: Industrial Park Power Design Annual consumption (A): 5,000,000 kWh Load development factor (α): 1.25 Average power factor (cosφ): 0.85 Annual load operating time (T₁): 7200 h Loss ratio (K): 1.10 Annual supply time (T): 8760 h Result: Se = (5,000,000 × 1.25) / (0.85 × 7200) × √(1.10 × 8760 / 8760) = 6,250,000 / 6120 × √1.10 ≈ 1021.24 × 1.0488 ≈ 1071 kVA → Recommended: 1250 kVA standard transformer Example 2: Commercial Complex Annual consumption (A): 1,200,000 kWh Load development factor (α): 1.15 Average power factor (cosφ): 0.85 Annual load operating time (T₁): 4000 h Loss ratio (K): 1.10 Annual supply time (T): 8760 h Result: Se = (1,200,000 × 1.15) / (0.85 × 4000) × √(1.10 × 8760 / 8760) = 1,380,000 / 3400 × √1.10 ≈ 405.88 × 1.0488 ≈ 426 kVA → Recommended: 500 kVA standard transformer Typical Applications Power planning for new factories or plants Retrofitting commercial building distribution systems Capacity assessment for data centers Transformer sizing for renewable energy projects (solar + storage) Substation design for residential communities Engineering consulting and feasibility studies Why Use Our Online Calculator? Free to use—no registration required Works on desktop, tablet, and mobile devices All calculations run locally—your data never leaves your device Results include standard size recommendations Built-in explanations for students, engineers, and designers Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) Q: How do I determine the load factor? A: Load factor = Average Load / Peak Load. If unknown, typical values are: Industrial 0.7–0.85, Commercial 0.6–0.7, Residential 0.5–0.6. Q: Is annual operating time always 8760 hours? A: No. For non-24/7 facilities (e.g., malls open 10 hours/day), estimate actual high-load hours (e.g., 300 days × 10 h = 3000 h). Q: Does this work for dry-type and oil-immersed transformers? A: Yes. The method applies to all distribution transformers since economic sizing depends on load profile, not cooling type. References & Standards GB 50052-2009 Code for Design of Power Supply and Distribution Systems DL/T 572-2021 Operation Code for Power Transformers Industrial and Civil Power Distribution Design Manual (4th Edition)

This tool is designed for power equipment manufacturers, buyers, and engineers to quickly estimate the manufacturing cost of oil-immersed distribution transformers based on international standards and real-world production data. What Is Transformer Cost Estimation? Transformer cost consists of three main components: Material cost: Copper, aluminum, silicon steel, insulating oil, etc. Manufacturing cost: Winding, core assembly, testing, etc. Regional & market factors: Labor, logistics, tariffs, exchange rates This calculator estimates the theoretical manufacturing cost by inputting key parameters, helping with quoting, budgeting, and cost control. Calculation Principle and Core Formula The tool uses an industry-standard cost model that considers material usage and market prices: Total Cost = Copper Cost + Aluminum Cost + Iron Core Cost + Oil Cost + Process Factor Where: Copper Cost = Copper weight × Copper price Aluminum Cost = Aluminum weight × Aluminum price Iron Cost = Iron weight × Iron price Oil Cost = Oil volume × Oil price Process Factor = Total material cost × Price Factor Weights of copper, aluminum, iron, and oil are estimated from rated capacity, voltage, frequency, and winding materials using empirical formulas aligned with IEC 60076 standard designs. How to Use This Calculator? Select Standard: IEC 60076 or others (e.g., GB, IEEE) Select Country: Affects labor, tax, and logistics costs Enter Rated Capacity: in kVA (e.g., 25, 50, 100...) Set High-Voltage Winding: e.g., 30 kV Set Low-Voltage Winding: e.g., 1 kV Choose Frequency: 50 Hz or 60 Hz Select Winding Material: Copper (Cu) or Aluminum (Al) Input Current Market Prices: Copper price: $/t Aluminum price: $/t Iron price: $/t Oil price: $/t Set Price Factor: Default 1.0; adjust for regional differences (e.g., 1.2 for higher labor cost) Click [Calculate] to get the estimated cost Typical Applications Transformer manufacturer cost calculation and quotation International buyer price comparison and supplier evaluation Project investment budget preparation Cost comparison between copper and aluminum windings Cost sensitivity analysis across different countries Educational and training purposes Real-World Examples Example 1: 25 kVA Transformer Cost in Afghanistan Standard: IEC 60076 Country: Afghanistan Rated Capacity: 25 kVA H.V. Windings: 30 kV L.V. Windings: 1 kV Frequency: 50 Hz H.V. Winding Material: Cu L.V. Winding Material: Cu Copper Price: 11600 $/t Aluminum Price: 2920 $/t Iron Price: 448.6 $/t Oil Price: 1336 $/t Price Factor: 1.0 Estimated Result: Approximately $1,850 (including materials and process) Example 2: Cost Change When Using Aluminum Winding Change L.V. winding material to Al only All other parameters unchanged Estimated Result: Approximately $1,620 → Cost reduced by ~12.5% Note: Although aluminum has lower unit price, its lower conductivity requires larger cross-section, so savings are limited but beneficial for cost-sensitive projects. Why Choose Our Online Calculator? Works on desktop, mobile, and tablet Local calculation, no data upload Clear results with USD-based pricing Built-in explanations of cost structure Useful for comparing different configurations Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) Q: Can this calculator give the actual factory price? A: Not exactly, but it provides a reference baseline. Real prices also depend on brand, certification, shipping, taxes, and profit margin. Q: How are copper and aluminum weights estimated? A: Based on empirical formulas derived from IEC 60076 standard designs, considering capacity, voltage, and frequency. Accuracy is typically ±10%. Q: Why does country affect the cost? A: Labor, energy, tax, and logistics costs vary significantly by region. The "Price Factor" reflects these differences. Q: Does it support other standards? A: Currently supports IEC 60076. Future versions will add GB, IEEE, and other standards. References & Standards IEC 60076-1: Power Transformers – Part 1: General GB 1094-2017: Chinese National Standard for Power Transformers "Transformer Design and Manufacturing" – China Machine Press