Bincike a Kudin Inganci na Tattalin Mai Kirkiro da PV Plants na Tsawon Musamman da ESS

1 ZigBee - Based Smart Home System

Wannan yakin da tarihin komputa da kuma tarihin kontrolar alamomin magana ta zama mai zurfi. Masu ilimi na gida suna da karin abubuwa da suka cika a gida, amma suna da kyau a tsara masu ilimi na gida a kan fadada. Kuma akwai kyau a taka shiga abubuwan da ke gida, domin a tafiya aiki a kan fadada, wanda ya yi nasarar da ake tsara maƙashe gida da kuma a yi nasarar da rayuwar mutane.

Wani rubutu ya gina systemi na ilimi na gida da take da ZigBee, wanda ya samu uku muhimman yanayi: wasu na gida, server na gida, da terminali na harkokin. Wannan systemi ya fi shahara da tsarin yake da yake da kyau, da kuma yadda ake iya sanya ita, cewa tsarin da aka nuna a Figure 1.

1 Tsarin Ilimi na Gida Da Take Da ZigBee
1.1 Wasu Na Gida

A nan ne babban asalin, wasu na gida na bi masu ilimi na gida da suka da kyau don in taka shiga bayanan da ake fito a gida da kuma in taka shiga bayanan masu karatu da suka da kyau. Yawancin da ake fito a kan wasu na gida na bi masu ilimi na gida da suka da kyau (ZigBee) ya yi nasarar da tsarin yake da yake, da kuma in taka shiga bayanan da ake fito a gida da kuma in taka shiga bayanan masu karatu da suka da kyau. ZigBee, wanda ya danganta da IEEE 802.15.4, ya ba da adadin da yake da kyau, da kuma in taka shiga bayanan da ake fito a gida da kuma in taka shiga bayanan masu karatu da suka da kyau. An samu:

• Coordinator: Ya tsara ZigBee network (CC2530 - based, IAR - compiled), wanda ya haɗa da wurare da suka da kyau don in taka shiga bayanan da ake fito a gida da kuma in taka shiga bayanan masu karatu da suka da kyau.

• Terminal Nodes: An samun da metering/relays (da suka da smart sockets), an samun da bayanan da ake fito a gida da kuma in taka shiga bayanan masu karatu da suka da kyau don in taka shiga bayanan da ake fito a gida da kuma in taka shiga bayanan masu karatu da suka da kyau.

1.2 Server Na Gida

Server na gida na bi masu ilimi na gida da suka da kyau don in taka shiga bayanan da ake fito a gida da kuma in taka shiga bayanan masu karatu da suka da kyau, wanda ya haɗa da:

• Data Hub: Ya taka shiga bayanan da ake fito a gida da kuma in taka shiga bayanan masu karatu da suka da kyau (don in taka shiga bayanan da ake fito a gida da kuma in taka shiga bayanan masu karatu da suka da kyau).

• Operation Monitoring: Ya tafiya aiki a kan masu ilimi na gida, ya tsara switches, da kuma ya taka shiga bayanan da ake fito a gida da kuma in taka shiga bayanan masu karatu da suka da kyau.

• Energy Efficiency Brain: Ya tafiya bayanan da ake fito a gida da kuma in taka shiga bayanan masu karatu da suka da kyau, domin a tafiya aiki a kan masu ilimi na gida da kuma in taka shiga bayanan da ake fito a gida da kuma in taka shiga bayanan masu karatu da suka da kyau.

1.3 Terminali Na Harkokin

Android - based (Eclipse + Java), terminali na harkokin na bi masu ilimi na gida da suka da kyau, wanda ya haɗa da:

• Status Visibility: Ya taka shiga bayanan da ake fito a gida da kuma in taka shiga bayanan masu karatu da suka da kyau a kan server.

• Remote Control: Ya taka shiga bayanan da ake fito a gida da kuma in taka shiga bayanan masu karatu da suka da kyau don in taka shiga bayanan da ake fito a gida da kuma in taka shiga bayanan masu karatu da suka da kyau.

• Flexible Scheduling: Ya taka shiga bayanan da ake fito a gida da kuma in taka shiga bayanan masu karatu da suka da kyau don in taka shiga bayanan da ake fito a gida da kuma in taka shiga bayanan masu karatu da suka da kyau (misali, don in taka shiga bayanan da ake fito a gida da kuma in taka shiga bayanan masu karatu da suka da kyau).

2 Tashar Ilimi Na Gida Da Take Da Kyau Don In Taka Shiga Bayanan Da Ake Fito A Gida Da Kuma In Taka Shiga Bayanan Masu Karatu Da Suka Da Kyau
2.1 Tsarin & Logic

Wannan systemi na bi masu ilimi na gida da suka da kyau don in taka shiga bayanan da ake fito a gida da kuma in taka shiga bayanan masu karatu da suka da kyau, wanda ya haɗa da "smart home + PV + energy storage", an samun tashar da suka da kyau a kan server, wanda ya haɗa da "collect → model → optimize" loop:

• Data Layer: An samun bayanan da ake fito a gida da kuma in taka shiga bayanan masu karatu da suka da kyau.

• Model Layer: An samun bayanan da ake fito a gida da kuma in taka shiga bayanan masu karatu da suka da kyau don in taka shiga bayanan da ake fito a gida da kuma in taka shiga bayanan masu karatu da suka da kyau.

• Control Layer: An samun bayanan da ake fito a gida da kuma in taka shiga bayanan masu karatu da suka da kyau don in taka shiga bayanan da ake fito a gida da kuma in taka shiga bayanan masu karatu da suka da kyau (tsarin a Figure 2).

2.2 Muhimmanci Yanayi & Collaboration

Muhimmanci yanayi (PV arrays, batteries, inverters, server, loads) suna da:

• PV Arrays: MPPT - enabled via inverters, transmitting real - time output to the server.

• Energy Storage: Grid - connected, charging during PV surplus and discharging during shortages (metered for grid interaction).

• Server: Links inverters/sockets, adjusting devices per efficiency rules to optimize energy flow.

2.3 Load Classification & Scheduling

Loads split into three types for time - of - use pricing - driven scheduling:

• Critical Loads (e.g., lighting): Fixed - time, non - adjustable.

• Adjustable Loads (e.g., AC): Variable - demand, power - tunable.

• Shiftable Loads (e.g., washers): Time - flexible, core for efficiency.

The server controls shiftable loads via smart sockets, shaving peaks/ filling valleys to cut costs and stabilize the grid.

3 Mathematical Model and Control Strategy for Home Energy Efficiency Management
3.1 Mathematical Model for Home Energy Efficiency Management

To achieve precise home energy efficiency management, a mathematical model for total electricity cost must be established. This paper uses a “daily” control cycle, dividing 24 hours into n equal time intervals. By discretizing continuous problems (when n is sufficiently large, each interval approaches a “micro - element,” and variables can be assumed constant within the interval).In the t-th interval, based on the dynamic balance of “home load power, photovoltaic generation power, battery charging/discharging power, and grid interaction power,” the system power balance equation is derived as:

Within the t-th time interval, the power variables are defined as follows:

• P_G^t: Grid interaction power (positive for power absorption, negative for power injection);

• P_A^t: Total household load power;

• P_b^t: Battery charging/discharging power (positive for discharge, negative for charging);

• P_PV^t: Photovoltaic (PV) output power (influenced by solar irradiance, temperature, humidity, etc., and predictable via PV power forecasting models).

The household PV system operates under the "self - consumption + surplus power grid - feeding" model, where surplus electricity generates grid - feeding revenue and PV generation qualifies for subsidies. Considering time - of - use (TOU) pricing (higher peak rates, lower off - peak rates), the total electricity cost is calculated as:Total Cost=Grid Purchase Cost−Grid - Feeding Revenue−PV Subsidies

For a daily cycle discretized into n intervals, the total cost model can be further decomposed into the summation of interval - specific costs, precisely adapting to dynamic pricing scenarios.

In the formula: C represents the total daily electricity cost of the household; f_PV is the unit price of the photovoltaic power generation subsidy; 24/n is the duration of one time interval.
The expression for f_t in Formula (2) is

In the formula: f^t_Cis the electricity price for the user during the t-th time period, which is divided into peak - time electricity price and off - peak electricity price according to different time periods; f_R is the electricity price for surplus electricity fed into the grid. The values of f_C^t, f_R and f_PV at any moment of the day are all known.The total power P_A^t of the household load is equal to the sum of the power of all shiftable loads and other loads during the t-th time period.

In the formula: P_L,i is the operating power of the i-th shiftable load; T_L,i is the start - up time of the i-th shiftable load; Δ t_i is the operating duration of the i-th shiftable load; [t_i^s, t_i^e] is the range of the start - up time of the i-th shiftable load. P_L,i, Δ t_i, t_i^s and t_i^e are all definite values.

The electric power P_else,j^t of other loads is known, while the electric power of shiftable loads changes according to different start - up times, and T_L,i is an undetermined value. When T_L,i is different, the total power P_A^t of the household load changes accordingly, thus changing the total household electricity cost C.

3.2 Control Strategy

The core goal of home energy efficiency management is maximizing economic benefits, specifically translated into constructing an objective function for "minimizing the total household electricity cost C".

Based on the shiftable load model and combined with the time - of - use pricing mechanism, adjusting the start - up time \(T_{\text{L},i}\) of shiftable loads can dynamically optimize the total household load power curve, reducing the total cost from the perspective of electricity consumption timing.

Coordinated Control Logic for PV and Energy Storage

For photovoltaic (PV) power generation and energy storage batteries, control strategies are formulated for different time periods:

• Peak Periods: Prioritize full consumption of PV power generation. If PV output > load power, surplus electricity is fed into the grid for revenue. If PV output < load power, the battery is prioritized for power supply (when the battery state of charge > minimum value). When the battery is depleted, the insufficient part is supplemented by the grid.

• Off - Peak Periods: The battery is charged at the maximum charging power for energy storage. All load electricity is supplied by the grid, utilizing low - price off - peak electricity to "fill the valley" and store energy for peak periods.

Battery Constraints

It is necessary to simultaneously consider the charging/discharging power limits and capacity restrictions of the battery to constrain its charging and discharging behaviors (specific constraints need to be supplemented with formulas/models, not fully presented in the original text), ensuring equipment safety and system stability.

In Formula (6): P_b,max is the maximum charging/discharging power of the battery; in Formula (7), SOC^t is the state of charge (SOC) of the battery during the t-th time period; SOC_min is the minimum value of the battery&rsquo;s SOC; SOC_max is the maximum value of the battery&rsquo;s SOC.

According to the control strategy, optimize and control the charging/discharging power of the energy storage battery. During the peak period t &isin;[t₁, t₂, where t₁ is the start time of the electricity peak period and t₂ is the end time of the electricity peak period, the discharge power of the battery is set as

During the off - peak period t &isin; [1, t₁], the discharge power of the storage battery is set as

It is necessary to calculate the state of charge (SOC) of the storage battery. The relationship between the state of charge during the charging and discharging process of the storage battery and the charging/discharging power is as follows:

Formula (10) describes the relationship between the storage battery&rsquo;s SOC and charging power during charging (here P_b^t ＜ 0; Formula (11) describes that during discharging (here