Taighde ar Stairgiolaíocht Bainistíochta Córais Eoláin Dúnta Domhanda Bhaile Bunaithe ar Imreoirí PV Aibhneacha Rochtain agus ESS

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Réimse: Anailís Anatriantóir

China

1 Cíosra Smart Home System Bunaithe ar ZigBee

Mar gheall ar fhorbairt leanúnach teicneolaíochta ríomhaireachta agus eolaíochta rialú eolais, tá tithe chliste ag forbairt go tapa. Ní hamháin go dtagann feidhmeanna traidisiúnta tithe le tithe chliste, ach cuireann siad freisin ar chumas úsáideoirí a n-úirlisí tithe a bhainistiú go hiontaofa. Faoi dhóigh éigin, is féidir leis an úsáideoir monatóireacht iarmhír a dhéanamh ar stádas na tithe, rud a spreagann maireachtáil fuinnimh sa tigh agus a lán íocshláinte sa beatha.

Díríonn an páipéar seo ar chlárú cíosra smart home system bunaithe ar ZigBee, a chuirtear le chéile as trí chuid: líonra an tig, seirbhísí an tig, agus teiripe mobil. Is é an córas simplí, éifeachtach, agus an-scaileadh, agus is é an struchtúr léirithe in Imlíne 1.

1 Struchtúr Cíosra Smart Home Bunaithe ar ZigBee
1.1 Líonra an Tigh

Mar bhunús lárnach, ceanglaíonn an líonra an tigh úirlisí atá faoi smacht mar chomharthaí do tháirgeadh sonraí laistigh agus rialú fuinnimh ilchúrsaí. Is é an rogha uathraithe (ZigBee) níos éifeachtaí, níos sábhála, agus níos scaileadh.ZigBee, bunaithe ar IEEE 802.15.4, oibríonn le costas íseal, cumhacht, agus castacht le sábháilteacht ard. Aontóir ísealcosta a chuirtear isteach laghdóidh costas hardweare an chórais. Cuireann an líonra i bhfeidhm:

Co-ordinator: Riar an líonra ZigBee (CC2530 - bunaithe, IAR - compilt), a chuirtear i bhfeidhm trí topólacht ceangailte díreach.
Comharthaí Teiripe: Inteoir le mearachtaí / relai (mar shiocsaí cliste), ag bailiú sonraí agus ag déanamh ordaithe don “smacht + monatóireacht”.

1.2 Seirbhísí an Tigh

Is é an seirbhísí an tig “croílár sonraí-smacht” an chórais, ag déanamh:

Ionad Sonraí: Iontráil eolais idir ZigBee (trí phort séireach) agus teiripe mobil (trí Socket).
Monatóireacht Oibriú: Tractálann stádas an lodáin, smachtann comhshluaite, agus stóráil sonraí fuinnimh.
Innill Maithreacht Fuinnimh: Anailísíonn sonraí lodáin / fotovoltaics chun sceidealú a bhainistiú, ag cur deire leis an gciorcal smacht fuinnimh.

1.3 Teiripe Mobil

Bunaithe ar Android (Eclipse + Java), cuireann an teiripe i bhfeidhm:

Féachaint Stádas: Taispeántas réalaíochta de sonraí fuinnimh a chuirtear ar an seirbhísí.
Smacht Réamhscoit: Seoltas ordaithe chun smacht a dhéanamh ar lodáin neamhdhíreach.
Sceidealú Sásamhach: Socrú amaí chun lodáin (mar shampla, do chostas am-luach).

2 Díriú ar Mhaithreacht Fuinnimh sa Tigh
2.1 Achitectúr agus Loighic an Córais

Ag comhbhaint “smart home + PV + stóráil fuinnimh”, cuireann an córas stratéisí maithreacht san seirbhísí, ag cruthú “ bailiú → modh → maithreacht”:

Sraith Sonraí: Comhbhaint sonraí lodáin agus PV.
Sraith Modh: Comhréiteach PV, stóráil, agus lodáin trí scéimeanna óptaim.
Sraith Smacht: Co-oibríonn PV/stóráil agus socrú lodáin chun “costas-maithreacht” sprioc (struchtúr in Imlíne 2).

2.2 Príomhchuidiú agus Co-oibrithe

Oibríonn príomhchuidiú (PV arrays, batteries, inverters, server, loads) mar:

PV Arrays: MPPT - enabled via inverters, transmitting real - time output to the server.
Energy Storage: Grid - connected, charging during PV surplus and discharging during shortages (metered for grid interaction).
Server: Links inverters/sockets, adjusting devices per efficiency rules to optimize energy flow.

2.3 Load Classification & Scheduling

Loads split into three types for time - of - use pricing - driven scheduling:

Critical Loads (e.g., lighting): Fixed - time, non - adjustable.
Adjustable Loads (e.g., AC): Variable - demand, power - tunable.
Shiftable Loads (e.g., washers): Time - flexible, core for efficiency.

The server controls shiftable loads via smart sockets, shaving peaks/ filling valleys to cut costs and stabilize the grid.

3 Mathematical Model and Control Strategy for Home Energy Efficiency Management
3.1 Mathematical Model for Home Energy Efficiency Management

To achieve precise home energy efficiency management, a mathematical model for total electricity cost must be established. This paper uses a “daily” control cycle, dividing 24 hours into $n$ equal time intervals. By discretizing continuous problems (when $n$ is sufficiently large, each interval approaches a “micro - element,” and variables can be assumed constant within the interval).In the $t$ -th interval, based on the dynamic balance of “home load power, photovoltaic generation power, battery charging/discharging power, and grid interaction power,” the system power balance equation is derived as:

Within the $t$ -th time interval, the power variables are defined as follows:

$P_{G t}$ : Grid interaction power (positive for power absorption, negative for power injection);
$P A t$ : Total household load power;
$P b t$ : Battery charging/discharging power (positive for discharge, negative for charging);
$P PV t$ : Photovoltaic (PV) output power (influenced by solar irradiance, temperature, humidity, etc., and predictable via PV power forecasting models).

The household PV system operates under the "self - consumption + surplus power grid - feeding" model, where surplus electricity generates grid - feeding revenue and PV generation qualifies for subsidies. Considering time - of - use (TOU) pricing (higher peak rates, lower off - peak rates), the total electricity cost is calculated as:Total Cost=Grid Purchase Cost−Grid - Feeding Revenue−PV Subsidies

For a daily cycle discretized into $n$ intervals, the total cost model can be further decomposed into the summation of interval - specific costs, precisely adapting to dynamic pricing scenarios.

In the formula: $C$ represents the total daily electricity cost of the household; f_PV is the unit price of the photovoltaic power generation subsidy; $24/n$ is the duration of one time interval.
The expression for $f t$ in Formula (2) is

In the formula: $f t$ _Cis the electricity price for the user during the $t$ -th time period, which is divided into peak - time electricity price and off - peak electricity price according to different time periods; $f R$ is the electricity price for surplus electricity fed into the grid. The values of $f C t$ , $f R$ and $f PV$ at any moment of the day are all known.The total power $P A t$ of the household load is equal to the sum of the power of all shiftable loads and other loads during the $t$ -th time period.

In the formula: $P L,i$ is the operating power of the $i$ -th shiftable load; $T L,i$ is the start - up time of the $i$ -th shiftable load; Δ $t i$ is the operating duration of the $i$ -th shiftable load; $[t i s, t i e]$ is the range of the start - up time of the $i$ -th shiftable load. $P L,i$ , Δ $t i$ , $t i s$ and $t i e$ are all definite values.

The electric power $P else,j t$ of other loads is known, while the electric power of shiftable loads changes according to different start - up times, and $T L,i$ is an undetermined value. When $T L,i$ is different, the total power $P A t$ of the household load changes accordingly, thus changing the total household electricity cost $C$ .

3.2 Control Strategy

The core goal of home energy efficiency management is maximizing economic benefits, specifically translated into constructing an objective function for "minimizing the total household electricity cost $C$ ".

Based on the shiftable load model and combined with the time - of - use pricing mechanism, adjusting the start - up time $T_{\text{L},i}$ of shiftable loads can dynamically optimize the total household load power curve, reducing the total cost from the perspective of electricity consumption timing.

Coordinated Control Logic for PV and Energy Storage

For photovoltaic (PV) power generation and energy storage batteries, control strategies are formulated for different time periods:

Peak Periods: Prioritize full consumption of PV power generation. If PV output > load power, surplus electricity is fed into the grid for revenue. If PV output < load power, the battery is prioritized for power supply (when the battery state of charge > minimum value). When the battery is depleted, the insufficient part is supplemented by the grid.
Off - Peak Periods: The battery is charged at the maximum charging power for energy storage. All load electricity is supplied by the grid, utilizing low - price off - peak electricity to "fill the valley" and store energy for peak periods.

Battery Constraints

It is necessary to simultaneously consider the charging/discharging power limits and capacity restrictions of the battery to constrain its charging and discharging behaviors (specific constraints need to be supplemented with formulas/models, not fully presented in the original text), ensuring equipment safety and system stability.

In Formula (6): $P b,max$ is the maximum charging/discharging power of the battery; in Formula (7), $SOC t$ is the state of charge (SOC) of the battery during the $t$ -th time period; $SOC min$ is the minimum value of the battery’s SOC; $SOC max$ is the maximum value of the battery’s SOC.

According to the control strategy, optimize and control the charging/discharging power of the energy storage battery. During the peak period $t ∈[t 1, t 2$ , where $t 1$ is the start time of the electricity peak period and $t 2$ is the end time of the electricity peak period, the discharge power of the battery is set as

During the off - peak period $t ∈ [1, t 1]$ , the discharge power of the storage battery is set as

It is necessary to calculate the state of charge (SOC) of the storage battery. The relationship between the state of charge during the charging and discharging process of the storage battery and the charging/discharging power is as follows:

Formula (10) describes the relationship between the storage battery’s SOC and charging power during charging (here $P b t ＜ 0$ ; Formula (11) describes that during discharging (here $P b t ＞ 0$ . $SOC t + 1$ is the SOC in the $t + 1$ th period; σ (self - discharge rate, nearly 0% for small time intervals), η_ch (charging efficiency), η_$dis$ (discharging efficiency), and $E b,max$ (max capacity) are battery parameters.In summary, home energy efficiency optimization aims to minimize total electricity cost by determining shiftable loads’ start times and energy storage charging/discharging power at each moment, stated as: