Uchunguzi kwa Mbinu ya Kudhibiti Ufanisi wa Nishati ya Nyumba kulingana na Viwanda vya PV Vifanavyo na ESS

Echo

Champu: Tathmini Transformer

China

1 Mfumo wa Nyumba Smart uliokuwa na msingi wa ZigBee

Kutokana na maendeleo mawili ya teknolojia ya kompyuta na teknolojia ya kudhibiti taarifa, nyumba za kihakiki zimekuwa na mabadiliko. Nyumba smart sio tu zinapohifadhi vito vya nyumba vilivyovyo, bali pia hufanya wateja waweze kudhibiti vifaa vyao katika nyumba rahisi. Hata nje ya nyumba, wateja wanaweza kukagua uhalisia wa ndani kwa mbali, kutengeneza usimamizi wa nishati na kuongeza sana ubora wa maisha.

Makala haya yameundwa mfumo wa nyumba smart unaosimamiwa na ZigBee, unaojumuisha tatu vyanzo: mtandao wa nyumba, server wa nyumba, na simu ya mwishowe. Mfumo ni rahisi, mzuri na wenye uwezeshaji mkubwa, na umbo lake liko katika Ramani 1.

1 Umebo wa Nyumba Smart wa Msingi wa ZigBee
1.1 Mtandao wa Nyumba

Kama msingi muhimu, mtandao wa nyumba huunganisha mizigo yanayoweza kudhibiti kama vipimo kwa uzinduzi wa data ndani na dhibiti ya nishati mengi. Kutumia (ZigBee) kwenye hatua inaongeza urahisi, uhakika, na uwezeshaji. ZigBee, iliyoundwa kwa IEEE 802.15.4, inatoa gharama chache, nguvu chache, na umuhimu chache na uhakika mkubwa. Chipe yake yenye gharama chache hutokomeza gharama ya hardware ya mfumo. Mtandao unajumuisha:

Coordinator: Huu hudhibiti mtandao wa ZigBee (CC2530 - based, IAR - compiled), ukifunika nyumba kwa kutumia topologia ya direct - connected.
Vipimo Vya Mwisho: Vilivyoelekezwa na metering/relays (kama viungo vismart), kukusanya data na kutatua amri kwa ajili ya "dhibiti + kukagua" closure.

1.2 Server wa Nyumba

Server huu huchukua kazi ya "data - control core" ya mfumo, akifanya:

Data Hub: Kujielezea info kati ya ZigBee (kwa kutumia serial port) na simu za mwishowe (kwa kutumia Socket).
Ukaguzi wa Kazi: Kukagua hali ya mizigo, kudhibiti switches, na kuhifadhi data ya umeme.
Energy Efficiency Brain: Kuanaliza data ya mizigo / photovoltaic ili kuboresha mikakati, kufunga loop ya usimamizi wa nishati.

1.3 Simu ya Mwishowe

Android - based (Eclipse + Java), terminal hii hutoa:

Visibility ya Hali: Kuonyesha data ya umeme ya server mara moja kwa mara.
Dhibiti kwa Umbali: Kutuma amri kudhibiti mizigo kwa njia ya umbali.
Mikakati Yenye Uhuru: Kupanga muda wa mizigo wa kubadilisha (mfano, kwa bei ya muda).

2 Usimamizi wa Nishati Bora wa Nyumba
2.1 Umebo wa Mfumo & Mazingira

Kushirikiana "nyumba smart + PV + kusafiri nishati", mfumo unafanikisha misimamizi ya uhuru kwenye server, ukifanikisha loop ya "kusanyika → model → boresha":

Sauti ya Data: Kujumuisha data ya mizigo na PV.
Sauti ya Model: Kubalansisha matumizi ya PV, kusafiri, na mizigo kwa mikakati bora.
Sauti ya Dhibiti: Kukagua matumizi ya PV / kusafiri na muda wa mizigo kwa "mafaid - uhuru" (umebo katika Ramani 2).

2.2 Viambatanishi Vikuu & Ushirikiano

Viambatanishi vikuu (makongojo ya PV, batilie, inverters, server, mizigo) huchukua kazi kama:

Makongojo ya PV: MPPT - enabled kwa kutumia inverters, kutuma output ya sasa kwa server.
Kusafiri Nishati: Inapatikana kwenye grid, kusafiri wakati PV imezidi na kutoa wakati imedunda (metered kwa majukumu ya grid).
Server: Hununganisha inverters / sockets, kubadilisha vifaa kwa sheria za uhuru ili kuboresha mzunguko wa nishati.

2.3 Kugawanya Mizigo & Mkakati wa Muda

Mizigo yanavyogawanyika kwa tatu aina kwa ajili ya mikakati ya muda:

Mizigo Muhimu (mfano, mwanga): Muda unaothibitika, asiyoweza kubadilishwa.
Mizigo Yanayoweza Kusababishwa (mfano, AC): Dema inayobadilika, inayoweza kubadilishwa.
Mizigo Yanayoweza Kusababishwa (mfano, washers): Muda unayoweza kubadilishwa, muhimu kwa uhuru.

Server huu hudhibiti mizigo yanayoweza kusababishwa kwa kutumia viungo vismart, kuteleza mfululizo / kupunguza magamba kuleta gharama na kudhibiti grid.

3 Mathematical Model and Control Strategy for Home Energy Efficiency Management
3.1 Mathematical Model for Home Energy Efficiency Management

Katika $t$ -th interval, based on the dynamic balance of “home load power, photovoltaic generation power, battery charging/discharging power, and grid interaction power,” the system power balance equation is derived as:

$P_{G t}$ : Grid interaction power (positive for power absorption, negative for power injection);
$P A t$ : Total household load power;
$P b t$ : Battery charging/discharging power (positive for discharge, negative for charging);
$P PV t$ : Photovoltaic (PV) output power (influenced by solar irradiance, temperature, humidity, etc., and predictable via PV power forecasting models).

The household PV system operates under the "self - consumption + surplus power grid - feeding" model, where surplus electricity generates grid - feeding revenue and PV generation qualifies for subsidies. Considering time - of - use (TOU) pricing (higher peak rates, lower off - peak rates), the total electricity cost is calculated as:Total Cost=Grid Purchase Cost−Grid - Feeding Revenue−PV Subsidies

For a daily cycle discretized into $n$ intervals, the total cost model can be further decomposed into the summation of interval - specific costs, precisely adapting to dynamic pricing scenarios.

In the formula: $C$ represents the total daily electricity cost of the household; f_PV is the unit price of the photovoltaic power generation subsidy; $24/n$ is the duration of one time interval.
The expression for $f t$ in Formula (2) is

In the formula: $f t$ _Cis the electricity price for the user during the $t$ -th time period, which is divided into peak - time electricity price and off - peak electricity price according to different time periods; $f R$ is the electricity price for surplus electricity fed into the grid. The values of $f C t$ , $f R$ and $f PV$ at any moment of the day are all known.The total power $P A t$ of the household load is equal to the sum of the power of all shiftable loads and other loads during the $t$ -th time period.

In the formula: $P L,i$ is the operating power of the $i$ -th shiftable load; $T L,i$ is the start - up time of the $i$ -th shiftable load; Δ $t i$ is the operating duration of the $i$ -th shiftable load; $[t i s, t i e]$ is the range of the start - up time of the $i$ -th shiftable load. $P L,i$ , Δ $t i$ , $t i s$ and $t i e$ are all definite values.

The electric power $P else,j t$ of other loads is known, while the electric power of shiftable loads changes according to different start - up times, and $T L,i$ is an undetermined value. When $T L,i$ is different, the total power $P A t$ of the household load changes accordingly, thus changing the total household electricity cost $C$ .

3.2 Mikakati ya Dhibiti

Malengo muhimu ya usimamizi wa nishati bora wa nyumba ni kuboresha faida ya kiuchumi, hasa kufanikiwa kujenga objective function kwa "kuridhisha gharama za umeme ya nyumba yote $C$ ".

Kutokana na modeli ya mizigo yanayoweza kusababishwa na kushirikiana na mekanizmo wa bei ya muda, kubadilisha muda wa kuanza $T_{\text{L},i}$ ya mizigo yanayoweza kusababishwa inaweza kuboresha mzunguko wa mizigo ya nyumba kwa kutosha, kuridhisha gharama zote kutoka kwa mtazamo wa muda wa kutumia umeme.

Mazingira ya Dhibiti ya Kusaidiana kwa PV na Kusafiri Nishati

Kwa ajili ya utaratibu wa kusafiri nishati na batilie za kusafiri nishati, mikakati ya dhibiti yameundwa kwa ajili ya muda tofauti:

Muda wa Piki: Kusubiri kutumia kwa kamili umeme uliotokana na PV. Ikiwa output ya PV > nguvu ya mizigo, umeme zaidi linatumika kwa grid kwa faida. Ikiwa output ya PV < nguvu ya mizigo, batilie husubiriwa kwa umeme (wakati hali ya charge ya batilie > thamani chache). Wakati batilie yametumika, sehemu isiyotumika inajipange kutumika kutoka kwa grid.
Muda wa Chini: Batilie husubiriwa kwa nguvu ya charging kamili kwa ajili ya kusafiri nishati. Umeme wote wa mizigo hutumika kutoka kwa grid, kutumia umeme chache kwa bei chache kwa ajili ya "fill the valley" na kusafiri nishati kwa muda wa piki.

Masharti ya Batilie

Ni lazima kwa pamoja kutathmini masharti ya ufikiaji wa charging / discharging na ufikiaji wa kapasiti ya batilie ili kudhibiti tabia zao za charging na discharging (masharti maalum yanapaswa kunidhinishwa na formulas / models, si kufanikiwa kwenye nakala asili), kuhakikisha usalama wa vifaa na ustawi wa mfumo.

Katika Formula (6): $P b,max$ ni nguvu ya charging / discharging kamili ya batilie; katika Formula (7), $SOC t$ ni hali ya charge (SOC) ya batilie katika $t$ -th muda; $SOC min$ ni thamani chache ya SOC ya batilie; $SOC max$ ni thamani chache ya SOC ya batilie.

Kutokana na mikakati ya dhibiti, kuboresha na kudhibiti nguvu ya charging / discharging ya batilie ya kusafiri nishati. Katika muda wa piki $t \in[t 1, t 2$ , ambapo $t 1$ ni muda wa kuanza wa muda wa piki na $t 2$ ni muda wa mwisho wa muda wa piki, nguvu ya discharging ya batilie imepatikana kama

Katika muda wa chini $t \in [1, t 1]$ , nguvu ya discharging ya batilie imepatikana kama

Ni lazima kutathmini hali ya charge (SOC) ya batilie ya kusafiri nishati. Uhusiano kati ya hali ya charge katika mchakato wa charging na discharging na nguvu ya charging / discharging ni kama ifuatavyo:

Formula (10) inaelezea uhusiano kati ya SOC ya batilie ya kusafiri nishati na nguvu ya charging wakati wa charging (hapa $P b t ＜ 0$ ; Formula (11) inaelezea kwamba wakati wa discharging (hapa $P b t ＞ 0$ . $SOC t + 1$ ni SOC katika $t + 1$