Struchtúr Cábáin agus Carachtaristícóirí Próiseas na n-Feidhmeán Scoicheach Tríshínne

I. Íocht

Tá struchtúr an cábáin ag cruthú bonn bunúsach na gearrscinní íoschúile, mar sin is é teicneolaíocht déantúsa an chábáin an t-ardbhonn. Mar fhráma cúlach, ní mór don chábán neart riachtanais feidhmiúla a shásamh (mar shampla, tíortha caighdeánacha, comhbhuithe modúla, agus dístracht gníomhaíochta), agus sásamh a dhéanamh freisin ar riachtanais inmhartha an chábáin (mar shampla, láidreacht, ionraíocht, ailtireacht glan, agus séorchumas). De bharr éagsúlachta i réirshástáin struchtúr an chábáin agus scileanna déantúsa idir roinnt déantóirí, ní féidir an tsochar déantúsa a chur go cruinn. Cé go bhfuil roinnt carachtaristice teicniúla uaireanta úsáideach agus tábhachtach i ndéanamh an chábáin. Tá na príomhghnéithe seo curtha síos thíos le gairid in éineacht le roghnú struchtúr an chábáin.

II. Struchtúr an Chábáin agus Carachtaristice Teicniúla

Is féidir struchtúr an chábáin agus a sochar déantúsa a bhaint amach trí réirshástáin struchtúr, modhanna ceangail, agus rogha ábhair.

1. Raghaidh de réir Foirm Struchtúr

(1) Cineál Cothrom:

Seo a chinntíonn cothromacht forleathan ar gach aonad reatha ina suíomh réamhshocraithe sa chábán. Is gnách go mbíonn foirmeacha cúbacha ar chábáin (mar shampla, painéal nó bosca), cé go mbíonn foirmeacha tréithioga freisin (mar shampla, consól). Is féidir leis an gcábáin a bheith ina aonad amháin nó ina ród.

Chun aontas tomhais agus geoiméadrach a chinntiú, déantar aonáid a chumascadh ar bhealach staidéartha—gnách go dtosóidh sé le dhá taobh a chumascadh, nó daonainm a chur le chéile, ansin aonú iad chuig an gcábán iomlán, nó trí réirshástáin tuarach a shroicheadh agus ansin aonú aonáid intíre. Caithfidh faide na haonáid a chumascann éagsúlacht an chábáin a bheith cruinn (le meastacháin a ghlacadh mar luachanna diúltacha) chun aontas geoiméadrach agus ailtireacht tuarach a chinntiú. Ní mór a bheith cinnte nach mbeidh aon ardú sa lár dá dhá thaoibh chun aontas a chur in oiriúint le linn aonú.

Ó thaobh aonú de, ní mór an bhun talamh a bheith gan aon lagradh. Le linn aonú agus ailtireachta, is gnách go mbeidh bun talamh aontaithe ag teastáil, ach tá meastacháin aontaithe ag an bhun talamh agus an chábán féin. Le linn aonú, ba chóir a bheith ag iarraidh ar a laghad meastacháin laistigh agus ní mór a bheith ag sábháil iad, mar aonú meastacháin a chuirfí suas le chéile féadfaidh a bheith ag cur isteach ar an gcábán, ag cur isteach ar nasc busbar, ag cur isteach ar aonú aonáid, ag cur isteach ar aontas brú, agus fiú ag cur isteach ar fad beatha an tsaotharlainne. Mar sin, le linn aonú, is féidir an pointe talaimh is airde a úsáid mar thac, agus aonú a dhéanamh go leanúnach agus go forleathan. Má tá aontas bun talaimh idealach agus forleathan, is féidir leathnú ón lár amach a úsáid freisin chun aonú meastacháin a chur in oiriúint.

Chun aonú a chur in oiriúint agus aonú meastacháin a chur in oiriúint, ní mór meastacháin leitheid an chábáin a sholáthar mar luachanna diúltacha. Tar éis aonú gach aonad den chábán, d'fhéadfadh formúlú a bheith ag teastáil chun aontas tomhais agus geoiméadrach a chinntiú. Do chábáin caighdeánacha nó aonú forleathan, is féidir le jigs agus fixtures a chur san áireamh go forleathan chun aontas struchtúr a chinntiú. Ba chóir an t-acmhainn tac a bheith mar bhun an chábáin, agus blocáin suíomh a chur i bhfeidhm le haghaidh aisteoireacht agus obair éifeachta. Do dhorais tuarach agus aonáid cosúil, atá ina choinneamh do chur in oiriúint le linn tarchur agus aonú, is gnách go mbeidh aonú forleathan ag teastáil le linn an aonú deiridh.

(2) Cineál Darbhasa (Cineál Dreoilín):

Tá gearnán darbhasa comhdhéanta as corp chábáin cothrom agus aonad dreoilín a bhfuil aonáid reatha príomha ann mar shampla, sciobtair. Caithfidh an aonad dreoilín a bheith séorchaomh le linn a chur isteach agus a tharraingt amach, agus a bheith ina suíomh forleathan agus ionadaíoch nuair a chuirtear isteach, agus a bheith inmharthanach le hionadaíochtaí eile den chineál agus an t-ordóg céanna. An chuid den chábán a bhaineann le gearnán darbhasa déantar de bhealaí cothromacha. Ach, de bharr réirshástáin inmharthanach, caithfidh an chábán a bheith níos cruinne, agus aonáid struchtúr a bheith inmharthanach le haghaidh aonú.

Príomhghnéithe déantúsa gearnán darbhasa íoschúile: (1) caithfidh an chuid cothrom agus dreoilín a roinnt tac comhtháthaithe; (2) caithfidh aonáid gaolmhara a chur ina suíomh forleathan le haghaidh tooling caighdeánach, lena n-áirítear frames chábáin caighdeánach agus dreoilín caighdeánach; (3) ní mór dimensióna tábhachtacha a bheith tar éis meastachán aontaithe; (4) ní mór inmharthanach a bheith idir cineál dreoilín agus ordóg an chéad cheann.

2. Raghaidh de réir Modh Ceangail

(1) Tógáil Lóite:

Tá na seónna seo a leanas: éasca a dhéanamh, láidir, agus ionraíoch. Tá na mí-shéantaí seo a leanas: meastacháin forleathan, dífhoilsithe, éagóir a dhéanamh, ailtireacht droch, agus ní féidir aonú pláít a dhéanamh. Tá roinnt réirshástáin ag teastáil ó fixtures lóite:

• Láidir, ní féidir é a chur as a chodarsnacht go héigeantach;

• Sliotar níos mó ná méid réamhsocraithe an chuid oibre chun aonú meastacháin tar éis an lóite a chur in oiriúint;

• Flat, simple, agus éasca a dhéanamh, ag cur isteach mechanisms a chur in oiriúint chun damáiste a chosc;

• Tá aonú supports a chur in oiriúint chun a chur in oiriúint lóite a chosc agus aonú a dhéanamh, agus pads a chur in oiriúint chun a chur in oiriúint lóite nuair a bhíonn sé riachtanach.

Tar éis an lóite, tarlaíonn dífhoilsithe de bharr téimeachas molécúil sa réigiún lóite, ag cur isteach micréilteach le linn an lóite a chur in oiriúint. Chun a chur in oiriúint, ní mór aonú shaping processes a chur in oiriúint. Tá na modhanna coitianta seo a leanas:

• Aonú range dífhoilsithe a chur in oiriúint trí thástáil agus aonú pre-deforming the workpiece in the opposite direction before welding;

• Aonú over-adjustment a chur in oiriúint tar éis an lóite;

• Hammering or pressing the relatively contracted areas to balance stresses;

• Heating the relatively bulged areas after welding to achieve uniform shrinkage;

• Performing overall heat treatment when necessary.

Níos mó ná sin, aonú weld point selection, aonú weld seam orientation, aonú welding sequence, agus aonú spot welding positioning are all influence post-weld deformation. Aonú proper handling can reduce deformation, though this depends on specific conditions.

(2) Fastener Connection:

Tá na seónna seo a leanas: suitable for pre-plated parts, ease of adjustment and aesthetic finishing, standardized component design, pre-production inventory, and small dimensional tolerances in the frame. Tá na mí-shéantaí seo a leanas: lower strength compared to welding, higher precision requirements for components, and relatively higher manufacturing costs. Fasteners are typically standard parts, including common screws, nuts, rivets, blind rivets, adjustable clamp nuts, pre-tensioned pull nuts, and self-tapping screws. Special-purpose fasteners (such as those used in many imported low-voltage cabinets) are also available.

Technological characteristics: Fixtures are used for shaping, and tooling for positioning. Pressure washers may be used as needed. Riveting usually requires pre-drilling, and care must be taken to protect plating on pre-plated parts. For components machined with precision CNC centers or dedicated equipment, if connection hole diameters maintain a slight clearance with fastener diameters, assembly can be completed without fixtures in a single step. For fastening guide and positioning components, dedicated measuring tools should first establish position, followed by inspection with standard tooling.

(3) Hybrid Connection (Welding and Fastening):

This method combines the advantages of both above methods. Welding is typically used at cabinet connection points, while fasteners are used for variable or adjustable sections. Large cabinets are difficult to plate after welding, so surfaces are often painted. For outdoor cabinets made from pre-plated materials that require welding, the welded areas can be treated with thermal metal spraying.

3. Classification by Component Material

(1) Sectional Materials:

These include angle steel, channel steel, special-shaped steel tubes, and special channel steel. Components made of angle or channel steel are typically joined by welding. During processing, connection ends must fit tightly with minimal gaps; otherwise, weld quality and deformation will be affected. 

Special-shaped steel tubes can be connected by either welding or fasteners. Connection parts usually require dedicated fittings that must be strong and precise; otherwise, cabinet appearance will be compromised. Using uniform special-shaped steel tubes with uniformly spaced (modular) holes and standard connectors allows modular cabinet assembly, simplifying design, component preparation, and production planning. However, this method involves many holes, most of which remain unused, and limits spatial flexibility.

Manufacturing characteristics: Ensure universality and precision of components and connectors. The basic cabinet structure is often reinforced with panels. Besides special-shaped steel tubes, C-shaped channels or ribbed rectangular tubes made from sheet steel are also used. C-shaped channels are suitable for plating, while ribbed rectangular tubes may rust after plating due to residual acid from pickling, so selection should be cautious.

(2) Sheet Metal Components (excluding C-channels and ribbed rectangular tubes)

These can be formed entirely according to requirements, without limitations from pre-formed profiles. This structural design involves higher engineering effort, but once standardized, variations are minimal. Main structural parts are usually welded, while variable or adjustable areas use fasteners (e.g., low-voltage control boxes and consoles).

Since sheet metal structures are mostly welded and formed in one piece, welding-induced shrinkage or bulging must be addressed. Welding points should be evenly spaced, weld seams smooth, post-weld shaping performed, edges straight, and the middle of both sides must not protrude beyond the front and rear edges. If internal partitions exist, they should be welded after the two sides are properly shaped.

Console-type control cabinets are best suited for sheet metal components. When multiple units are arranged in a row, the tabletop should be aligned and positioned only after the entire row is in place.

III. Conclusion

As analyzed above, the selection of cabinet structures must be determined not only by the functional requirements of the switchgear but also by manufacturing process constraints. The level of manufacturing technology directly influences cabinet structural design and material selection.