Azalera Irailearen Akatsu Arrunta Bizkarreko Eguneroko Kudeaketa Soluzioa

I. Kudeaketako Helburuak
Olatu-atala akats bat detektatzean, kudeaketa azkar, segurua eta efektiboa egin behar da lekuan, zailtasunak dituzten gailuak banandatzeko. Minimizatu euskal-txartoaren funtzionamenduari, gailuen segurtasunei, eraikinetara eta pertsonalei ahalik eta gutxiago arraro. Ondoren, mantentzeko edo ordeztzeko xehetasun handiko lanak egiteko balio duen egoera sortu.

II. Kudeaketarako Printzipioak

Segurtasuna Lehenetsi: Beti lehentasun ematea pertsonalen segurtasunari; elektrizitatearen segurtasun-enplegak zigorrez jarraitu.
Erantzun Azkarra: Akatsen adierazpenak edo akatsen konfirmazioa detektatzean, kudeaketarako prozedura hemen hasi.
Diagnostikoa Zuzena: Akats mota azkar identifikatu, horrela helburutzat hartutako kudeaketarako oinarria ematea.
Banaketa Efektiboa: Ziurtatu atala akatsa sistemaren funtzionamenduan dagoenekin fidagarri bananduta dagoela.
Bigarren Mailako Arrazoien Sorgailua Ezabatu: Kudeaketan elektrizitate-jasaldi, su, eta gailu-derrigorrien eskalatzerako arriskuen saiakeren neurriak hartu.

III. Akatsen Diagnostikoa Azkar (Lehenetsi Lekuan)

Segurtasun Perimetrorik: Segurtasun-barruak edo adierazpen-oharrak sortu, baimenik gabeko pertsonen sarrera murriztu. Legea begiratu argi ikusgaiak diren anormaltasunetan (adibidez, soinu oso, odori, arkua, isolamendu-gasen jaso, kontaminazio-splatter).
Ikuspegi Irudi Bat: (segurtasun-distantziatik edo gailu-banaketa konfirmatu ondoren)

Egitura: Etxearen / sheden trinkadura, hondamen, erditza-markak, kontaminazio handia edo iturtzea begiratu.
Mekaniko Osagaiak: Montatze-boltak, korronteak solasean, doitzera, edo korrosioa begiratu; graduatutako erronboak deformazio, kokapen aldatu, edo derrigorrietan begiratu.
Leads / Konexioak: Leads (konexio nagusi) eskarra, erditza-markak, joera asko edo tension asko begiratu; konexio terminalak, klampak soberatzea (kolore aldaketa), meltitzea, solasean, edo korrosioa begiratu.
Pressure Relief / Action Indicator: Begiratu arrester gorputza edo oineko presio-kontsultoriena aktibatua den (adibidez, vent open); kontadorea edo ekintza-indikadorearen egoera begiratu (adibidez, indikadore-bandera pop-up).
Discharge Marks: Arrester-ren oinean edo inguruko gailuetan, discharge-ak eragindako metalikoi-pola edo objektu estrangeok begiratu.

Egoera Inferentzia: (patrullak, lineako monitorizazio-datuak, adibidez, igoerako korrontea, operazio-kopuruak, etab., eskuragarri badira) laguntzeko zaharkitzea edo prestazio-murriztea ebaluatzeko.

IV. Akats-Spezifikoak Kudeaketarako Neurriak (Lekuan Kudeaketarako Azkarra)

Akats Mota	Adierazpen Espezifikoak	Lekuan Kudeaketarako Neurri Azkarra	Oharrak / Prebentzioak
Mekaniko Akatsa	* Solasean / desgajatutako fijadorak * Hondo / trinkadura etxeak * Deformazio / kokapen aldatu graduaritako erronboak * Anormal presio-kontsultoriena	1. De-energizatu Onartuta! Solasean, birtekitu momentu-zurekin zehaztasunarekin. 2. Hondoak, deformazioak, presio-kontsultorien aktibazioa, edo kokapen aldatuak segurtasun-arrazoietan: Isolate power eta gomendatu ordezkapen zuzena fase horretarako edo fase guztietarako. 3. Desgajatutako fragmentuak garbitu, bigarren mailako arrazoien sorgailuak edo zeramoko kurtoak saihesteko.	* Izena txikiak monitorizatu ahal dira; ez ditu inolako arrazoien sorgailu inmediatua. * Mekaniko akats handiak ezin dira konpondu; ordezkapena beharrezkoa da.
Deterioration/Damage Failure	* Kontaminazio oso / iturtzea etxea (flashover arriskua) * Eruditza-markak, tracking * Acid erosion, chalking, cracking (aging) * Pressure relief operation * Frequent counter operation (possible valve block degradation)	1. For severe contamination/icing: If safely possible, attempt de-energized cleaning; otherwise, request an outage. 2. For scorching, tracking, severe aging, pressure relief operation, signs of valve block degradation: Isolate power immediately (open disconnector or breaker), remove the faulty arrester from service. Recommend replacement ASAP. 3. Record fault phenomena (photograph).	* Such faults usually indicate internal component damage; cannot be repaired on-site. * Key target for on-site isolation.
Lead/Connection Fault	* Lead strands broken/burned through * Melted/discolored/loose connection terminals/clamps * Lead detached, causing ground short * Lead too close to ground/other parts causing discharge	1. Isolate Power! 2. Inspect short-circuit point, disconnect the faulty connection. 3. Replace burned, broken leads and damaged clamps/terminals. 4. Remake reliable, tight electrical connections (ensure good contact surfaces, proper crimping or bolt torque). 5. Adjust leads to ensure sufficient safety clearances (phase-to-phase, phase-to-ground).	* This fault easily causes short-circuit trips or even fire; requires fastest isolation. * Must check connection quality post-repair.

V. Emergentzia Erantzun (Prozesuaren Hamaraldian)

Mandatory De-energization: Before any work, confirm the circuit powering the arrester is reliably disconnected (open relevant disconnectors/switches), verify de-energization (test for voltage), and install temporary grounding leads (or close grounding switches)! Strictly implement the switching operation ticket system.
Personal Protection:

Wear full set of qualified insulating PPE (insulating gloves, boots, safety glasses, insulating clothing if necessary).
Use qualified insulated tools (voltage detector, grounding stick, hot stick, etc.).
Maintain safe working distance from live parts and grounded objects (based on voltage level).

Fire Preparedness: Have appropriate fire extinguishers (e.g., dry powder, CO2) available onsite.
Gas Leakage: For GIS or tank-type arresters, if internal fault suspected causing gas leakage: Immediately evacuate personnel to a safe area and notify specialized personnel. Avoid staying below the leak point.
Information Reporting: Immediately report the fault situation, disposal progress, and required support to the superior dispatcher/management department.

VI. Post-Disposal Check & Restoration

Work Completion Confirmation: Clear the work site, remove all temporary safety measures (except isolation devices), account for personnel and tools.
Functional Test: (If restored after lead repair/simple tightening)

Use a qualified insulation resistance tester (megohmmeter) to measure arrester insulation resistance (terminal-to-terminal, terminal-to-ground); check if acceptable.
Check lead connection security and contact integrity.
Confirm grading rings/components are unimpeded.

Energization Trial: (Upon confirmation)

Remove safety isolation measures (e.g., remove grounding leads).
Report to dispatcher and restore power as per instructions.
Closely monitor arrester status post-energization (e.g., temperature rise, sound, online leakage current data).

VII. Key Precautions

No Live Work: All work involving the arrester body must only occur after confirming de-energization and implementing safety measures.
Determine Fault Nature: Clearly determine before, during, and after disposal whether it's an arrester internal fault or damage caused by external factors (e.g., bird streamers, tree contact, foreign object short circuits).
Thorough Documentation: Detail fault phenomena, preliminary judgment, disposal actions, replaced parts, test data, restoration time, personnel involved, etc., to support later analysis (include photos/video).
Replacement Criteria: Arresters with internal damage (pressure relief operation, severe aging, flashover), severe mechanical damage, or valve block failure (e.g., abnormal frequent counter operation + abnormal leakage current) must be replaced entirely as internal repairs are impossible on-site.
Qualified Personnel Only: Disposal work must be performed by qualified, experienced personnel familiar with the equipment.