Céard iad na meacnasa coitianta i ndiarmhaireacha an-phasáin aonfhásach?

Tranfoirmeoir eilimh réamhscoithe, mar tháirgeadh agus uileghlacadh de chumhacht tábhachtach i gcóras an chórais fhóirspéire, a úsáidtear go forleathan i ngriobháin fóirspéire tuaithe, ceantair gníomhaíochta ísal-voltáige, agus ceantair le lucht leanúnach eilimh. Leis an méideachán leanúnach eilimh ag dul chun cinn sna griobháin réamhscoithe, d'ardú an rátáil meabhair do tranfoirmeoirí eilimh freisin. Is cosúil go mór é aithne a dhéanamh agus a dhéanamh ar na meabhair seo chun a chinntiú go bhfuil soláthar cumhacht ann. De réir taighde is déanaí, is iad na meabhair coitianta ar tranfoirmeoirí réamhscoithe eilimh a bheidh bunaithe ar cúig ghnéis: meabhair modhlaí, seanadh slánuithe, fuascail óil, teocht neamhrialta, agus meabhair taptála ísal-voltáige. Is féidir leis na meabhair seo, nach bhféadfadh siad a bheith ag cur isteach ar oibriú réamhscoithe an tránsfhoirm, go dtarlódh damáiste ar tháirgeadh agus soláthar cumhacht. Seo a bheas an alt ag anailís chomhtháthach ar chúrsaí, carachtar, agus bealaí oibriú ar gach gné meabhair, ag tabhairt treorach praiticiúil don obair agus an t-oidhreacht.

1. Meabhair Modhlaí

Is é meabhair modhlaí an t-eolas is coitianta ar tranfoirmeoirí réamhscoithe eilimh, lena n-áirítear scuabtú idir mhodhlaí, oscailt modhlaí, agus meabhair grúndúch. Tá a lán díobh bunaithe ar seanadh ábhar slánuithe, damáiste meicniúil, nó mífhéidhmíochtaí déantais. Scuabtú idir mhodhlaí sa mhodhlaí d'fhéadfadh a chur chun cinn teocht lochta laistigh den tránsfhoirm, ag cuartú ar seanadh slánuithe, agus d'fhéadfadh tar éis sin a chur chun cinn go dian don mhodhlaí go léir. Léiríonn taighde go mura bhfuil sé aon scuabtú lag san tránsfhoirm, níos mó ná roinnt comhaid traidisiúnta, cosúil le córas cosaint difríochta agus gas, ní dhéanfaidh siad aon oibriú ag tús an meabhair, ag cur isteach airgeadraíocht ar an duine atá ag feidhmiú agus ag cuidiú.

(1) Léiriú Meabhair

• Fuaim Neamhrialta: Seo a chuirfidh an tránsfhoirm amach "gurgle" fuaim oil boilthe nó "sizzling" fuaim scartha.

• Teocht Neamhrialta: An teocht oil ag fágáil an stándair. Nuair a mheastar an méideachán gas sa noil os cionn luach na h-airgeadra, ní mór a sheiceáil go ciúin an stádas an tránsfhoirm (i gcomhréir le stádair IEC).

• Imbalaíocht Riansa: Tá an imbalaíocht reatha an riansa DC den mhodhlaí ag fágáil 2% (luach ceadaithe), rud a léiríonn go d'fhéadfadh a bheith ann moillíocht nó comhréiteach an-mhaith.

• Voltáige Neamhrialta: Tá an voltáige output neamhshábhálta agus ag titim go minic. Chomh maith leis sin, is féidir leis an modhlaí ísal-voltáige a bheith níos inmheas le moillíocht (is féidir leis an modhlaí ísal-voltáige a bheith níos inmheas le brú).

(2) Bealaí Oibriú

• Cúiseacht Éigeantais: Cuir chuige an soláthar cumhacht agus stop oibriú an tránsfhoirm.

• Déan Teastáil Chruinn: Úsáid téarmómetar infraghlasach chun an réimse teocht an mhodhlaí a sheiceáil, a chur faoi sholáthar; mearadh an riansa DC agus an capacitance chun an céim moillíocht a éileamh.

• Deisiú agus Athrú: Má tá sé riachtanach, bog an capall chun a dhéanamh, deisiú nó athrú ar an mhodhlaí brosta.

(3) Stratáis Coireachta

• Tástáil Rialta: Déan tástáil slánuithe modhlaí chun a thuiscint ar stádas slánuithe.

• Seansú Aimsithe: Cosain go cruinn aon aimsithe fhad - téarma tránsfhoirm chun laghdú ar an riséala modhlaí a chur chun cinn.

• Súiléir Thábhachtach: Déan tástáil préimeach roimh an t-am tosaigh a chur chun cinn chun aithne a dhéanamh ar chaolú.

• Súiléir Stiúrtha: Cuir in iúl go cruinn an tránsfhoirm chun laghdú ar an tionchar díobhrocht ar an mhodhlaí.

2. Meabhair Seanadh Slánuithe

Seanadh slánuithe is é an dara meabhair is coitianta ar tranfoirmeoirí réamhscoithe eilimh, lena n-áirítear seanadh ábhar slánuithe solide agus an deacrú slánuithe óil. Seanadh slánuithe d'fhéadfadh laghdú a dhéanamh ar fheidhmiú slánuithe an tránsfhoirm agus cuartaí ar an deacrú de chuid an tionscal go léir. De réir staitistic, is féidir leis a chur chun cinn go dian don tsoláthar cumhacht (35 - 40 bliana) an tránsfhoirm go dtí timpeall 20 bliana, is é sin go háirithe a chur chun cinn i ntránsfhoirmeoirí atá ag obair fada, i gcomhthéacs cruinn, nó le feidhmíocht agus oidhreacht neamhshábháilte.

(1) Léiriú Meabhair

• Athruithe ar Oil: Tá an oil tránsfhoirm ag athrú go dtí oráiste nó donn, agus fiú carbone a chur chun cinn.

• Seanadh Slánuithe: Tá an luach tástáil riansa slánuithe níos ísle ná an stándair, agus níos mó ná an méideachán scartha.

• Fuaim Neamhrialta: Tá an fuaim oibre ag cur chun cinn go géar agus neamhrialta, agus an ráta seanadh ag fágáil go dtí an teocht (i gcomhréir le theoiric Arrhenius, níos mó ná an ráta seanadh a chur chun cinn go dtí 6°C teocht).

(2) Bealaí Oibriú

• Anailís Oil: Déan anailís chromatógraíochta chun a mheastú ar an méideachán gas charachtarach agus a chur faoi sholáthar an céim seanadh.

• Oil agus Ábhar: De réir an stádas seanadh, cinneadh a dhéanamh ar a chur chun cinn oil, athrú ar ábhar slánuithe solide, agus a dhéanamh ar athchóiriú go cruinn má tá sé riachtanach.

(3) Stratáis Coireachta

• Déan Tástáil Rialta: Rialta oil quality detection agus tástáil riansa slánuithe chun a choinneáil ar an stádas slánuithe.

• Teocht - controlled Operation: Coinnigh teocht réasúnta (stándair GB: an teocht meánach an mhodhlaí tránsfhoirm oil - immersed ≤ 65°C, agus an teocht top oil ≤ 55°C).

• Environment Optimization: Feabhsú an comhthéacs oibre, laghdú ar an sruth dust, humidity, agus gases neamhshábháilte; roghnú ar tránsfhoirmeoirí éifeachtach cosúil leis an gcineál S11 chun laghdú ar teocht agus loss.

3. Meabhair Fuascail Oil

Fuascail oil is é an t-eolas coitianta agus a dhuine díobháilte ar tranfoirmeoirí réamhscoithe eilimh. Tá sé a chur chun cinn go dtí 40% de na meabhair ar tránsfhoirmeoirí fóirspéire, a chur isteach ar an slánuithe agus an teocht, agus a chur chun cinn tine, fuilsiú, agus loss económa.

(1) Léiriú Meabhair

• Leibhéal Oil: Tá an leibhéal oil gauge ag léiriú an laghdú ar an leibhéal oil, agus is féidir a fheiceáil oil stains ar an uachtar oil tank.

• Aimsithe Neamhrialta: Tá an fuaim oibre ag cur chun cinn go géar agus neamhrialta, an slánuithe oil - paper ag fulaingt, agus an fuascail ag fágáil go dtí an aimsithe oil agus an teocht.

(2) Fáiní Meabhair

Seanadh / damage seals, weld cracking, improper bushing installation, loose connections caused by vibration, oil tank rust, and abnormal oil pressure caused by a blocked breather.

(3) Bealaí Oibriú

• Graded Treatment: Temporarily repair small leaks, and immediately shut down and conduct a comprehensive overhaul for serious leaks.

• Root Repair: Replace seals, repair welds/connections, clean the breather, and ensure the normal operation of the oil conservator.

(4) Prevention Strategies

• Seal Inspection: Regularly check the sealing status, and strengthen fixation in vibrating environments.

• Material Upgrade: Use high - quality sealing materials, clean the oil tank to prevent corrosion; old transformers can be replaced with products with new sealing structures.

4. Abnormal Temperature Faults

Abnormal temperature is a key fault type in single - phase distribution transformers, including winding overheating, local overheating of the iron core, and oil temperature rise. It is the "trigger" for faults such as insulation aging, oil leakage, and winding deformation. According to IEC standards, when the hottest spot temperature reaches 140°C, bubbles will be generated in the oil, which will reduce insulation or cause flashover, damaging the transformer.

(1) Fault Manifestations

• Temperature Exceeding Standard: The oil temperature gauge shows an abnormality, the local surface is overheated and discolored, and the oil level of the oil conservator is abnormal.

• Abnormal Sound: Emits a "buzzing" sound, which becomes louder as the load increases; the oil color becomes darker and carbon deposits appear.

(2) Fault Causes

Transformer overload, internal faults (winding/iron core short circuit), cooling system faults, high ambient temperature, insufficient oil volume due to poor sealing, and poor installation ventilation.

(3) Handling Methods

• Load Reduction and Shutdown: Immediately reduce the load or shut down, and check the cooling system.

• Precise Diagnosis: Use an infrared thermometer to locate the over - heated point, take an oil sample for chromatographic analysis, check for internal faults; repair external causes.

(4) Prevention Strategies

• Monitoring and Analysis: Regularly monitor the temperature, establish a trend analysis; avoid long - term overload.

• Environment Optimization: Optimize the installation position to ensure ventilation; clean the dirt on the heat sink; increase capacity or operate multiple units in parallel in high - load areas, and install sunshades and ventilation devices in high - temperature environments.

5. Low - voltage Tap Faults

Low - voltage tap faults are unique to single - phase distribution transformers, including poor contact, open circuits, and wrong connections. Because the low - voltage side mostly adopts a tap - off design (such as three/four taps), the connection quality directly affects the output voltage and operation stability, which is common in transformers with large load fluctuations and insufficient operation and maintenance.

(1) Fault Manifestations

• Voltage Abnormality: The output voltage is unstable, too high/too low.

• Sound Abnormality: Emits a "clatter" "rustling" mechanical friction sound, which is obvious when the load changes; the voltage on the low - voltage side is unbalanced, and the operation temperature is abnormally high.

(2) Fault Causes

Poor tap welding, oxidation of the contact surface, insecure installation, failure to restore connections during operation and maintenance, large contact resistance caused by a humid environment, and contact point wear caused by load fluctuations.

(3) Handling Methods

• Power - off Maintenance: Check the tap connection, re - weld, and fasten loose parts, replace aging components.

• Cleaning and Protection: Clean poorly contacted parts to ensure good contact of the tap - changing switch.

(4) Prevention Strategies

• Regular Inspection: Regularize the inspection of tap connections, and use high - quality welding materials and processes.

• Environment Adaptation: Strengthen moisture - proof measures in humid environments; for transformers with frequent tap adjustments, replace with reliable connection methods; replace old equipment with products with new tap designs.

6. Application of Intelligent Monitoring Technology in Fault Diagnosis

With the development of the smart grid, the traditional diagnosis mode relying on manual experience and simple instruments has gradually been replaced by intelligent monitoring technology. The fault diagnosis system based on artificial intelligence can monitor the operation status in real - time, early - warn risks in advance, and improve the accuracy and efficiency of diagnosis.

(1) Mainstream Technologies

• Infrared Sensing Temperature Measurement: With an accuracy of ±1°C, it can accurately detect abnormal temperatures.

• Acoustic Signature Recognition Diagnosis: Analyze the frequency and characteristics of the operation sound to distinguish between normal and fault sounds.

• Analysis of Dissolved Gases in Oil: Detect the content of characteristic gases to determine the type and degree of internal faults.

• Machine Learning System: Integrate multiple parameters to establish a fault prediction model.

(2) Application Effects

After applying infrared temperature measurement, a power company increased the fault detection rate by 65% and shortened the processing time by 40%; acoustic signature recognition can detect winding faults 3 - 6 months in advance. The intelligent system can also locate faults and evaluate the severity, providing a basis for operation and maintenance decisions.

7. Maintenance and Prevention Measures for Single - phase Transformers

Most faults of single - phase distribution transformers are related to long - term operation, environment, and insufficient operation and maintenance. Establishing a scientific maintenance system and implementing preventive measures are the keys to reducing faults and extending service life.

(1) Daily Maintenance

• Oil Condition Inspection: Regularly check the oil level and oil color to ensure the oil level is normal and the oil quality is good.

• Status Monitoring: Monitor the operation sound, monitor the temperature, and establish a trend analysis.

• Component Inspection: Check the cleanliness, damage, and discharge traces of bushings; verify the grounding system (the grounding resistance of 100 kVA and above ≤ 4Ω, and below ≤ 10Ω).

• Environmental Management: Ensure stable installation, clean surface dirt, and prevent pollution discharge.

(2) Classified Prevention

• Winding Faults: Avoid overload and conduct regular insulation tests.

• Insulation Aging: Operate at a controlled temperature and conduct regular oil quality detection.

• Oil Leakage: Regularly check the seal and strengthen fixation in vibrating environments.

• Abnormal Temperature: Optimize installation, ensure ventilation, and install temperature monitoring devices.

• Tap Faults: Regularly check connections, use high - quality welding processes, and prevent moisture in humid environments.

(3) Standard Adaptation and Optimization

Select high - efficiency transformers according to GB20052 - 2020 to reduce losses and temperature rise; operate multiple units in parallel in high - load areas to reduce the load pressure on a single unit; strengthen environmental management to reduce external erosion.

8. Conclusions and Recommendations

The common faults of single - phase distribution transformers are interrelated, and most are caused by a single factor leading to multiple types of fault manifestations. Building a complete fault diagnosis system that integrates traditional experience and intelligent technology can improve the accuracy and efficiency of diagnosis.

Operation and Maintenance Management Recommendations

• Monitoring System: Establish a comprehensive monitoring system for multiple parameters such as temperature, sound, and oil quality to master the status in real - time.

• Environment Optimization: Optimize the installation position and method to reduce environmental impact.

• Pre - maintenance Tests: Regularly conduct preventive tests (insulation resistance tests, oil quality detection, etc.) to identify hidden dangers.

• Dynamic Adjustment: Adjust the operation mode and transformer capacity according to load changes.

• Technology Upgrade: Adopt high - efficiency and intelligent monitoring equipment to improve efficiency and diagnosis ability.

The development of the smart grid helps the fault