Vipi ni vifungo vilivyovikwa sana katika transforma za maeneo moja?

Mfumo wa kusambaza umeme wa fasi moja, ambao ni muhimu katika kupanua na kusambaza umeme, unatumika sana katika mitandao ya umeme ya kimataifa, maeneo ya nyumba yenye mshindo wa chini, na maeneo yenye mizigo ya fasi moja. Kwa sababu ya uzalishaji wa mizigo ya fasi moja kuongezeka kwa kasi, ukosefu wa mifumo ya kusambaza umeme wa fasi moja pia umekuwa uongezeka. Kutambua na kutatua matatizo haya mara kwa mara ni muhimu sana kwa uhakika ya usambazaji wa umeme. Kulingana na utafiti wa hivi karibuni, matatizo yasiyofaa ya mfumo wa kusambaza umeme wa fasi moja yanahusu tano kundi: matatizo ya mawindingo, uzee wa insulation, usisifu wa mafuta, joto lisilo sahihi, na matatizo ya taps za chini. Matatizo haya si tu huwachanganya mchakato mzuri wa transformer, lakini wanaweza pia kuchanganya vifaa na kusababisha ukosefu wa usambazaji wa umeme. Maoni haya yatahakikisha analiza sababu, vipengele, na njia za kutatua matatizo mbalimbali, kutoa maelekezo rasmi kwa watumiaji na wahakiki wa mifumo ya umeme.

1. Matatizo ya Mawindingo

Matatizo ya mawindingo ni aina ya matatizo inayotokana na mfumo wa kusambaza umeme wa fasi moja, inayohusiana na short circuits zinazopituka kati ya mawindingo, mzunguko wa mawindingo, na matatizo ya grounding. Yanaendelea kutokana na uzee wa chombo cha insulation, hasara ya nguvu, au makosa ya uzalishaji. Short circuit zinazopituka kati ya mawindingo itasababisha moto wa nje wa transformer, kuisababisha uzee wa insulation, na inaweza kufanyika kwamba mawindingo yote yatakosa. Utafiti unaonyesha kwamba wakati kuna short circuit ndogo katika mawindingo ya transformer, vifaa viwili kama vile differential protection na gas protection hawapati kufanya kazi mapema, kusababisha kuwa na taloba zaidi kwa watumiaji na wahakiki kwa ujuzi wa kutambua matatizo.

(1) Usimamizi wa Matatizo

• Sauti isiyosafi: Transformer hutoka sauti ya "gurgling" ya mafuta yanayokipuka au sauti ya "sizzling" ya discharge.

• Joto lisilo sahihi: Joto la mafuta linapanda zaidi ya chaguo. Waktu tofauti ya mafuta linapanda zaidi ya kiwango, hii inatarajiwa (kulingana na standards za IEC).

• Imbalance ya Resistance: Imbalance rate ya resistance DC ya mawindingo linapanda zaidi ya 2% (kiwango kinachoruhusiwa), inaonyesha kuwa mawindingo yanaweza kubadilika au kukosa mkono.

• Umeme lisilo sahihi: Umeme uliotoka usiwezekani na upinde ukurasa. Pia, mawindingo ya chini yanaweza kubadilika zaidi wakati kuna short circuit (mawindingo ya chini yanaweza kubadilika zaidi kwa pressure).

(2) Njia za Kutatua

• Emergency Shutdown: Ingiza kwa haraka kutumia umeme na kusimamisha mchakato wa transformer.

• Detection precise: Tumia thermometer ya infrared ili kutathmini distribution ya joto ya mawindingo, kutambua matatizo; imelea resistance DC na capacitance ili kutathmini degree ya deformation.

• Repair and Replacement: Ikiwa lazima, weka cover kwa ajili ya utaratibu, repair au replace mawindingo iliyovunjika.

(3) Strategies za Kupunguza

• Ujaribishaji wa Mara kwa Mara: Fanya majaribio ya insulation ya mawindingo ili kuelewa hali ya insulation.

• Kuzuia Overload: Zingatieni kwa dharura overload ya transformer kwa muda mrefu ili kupunguza hatari ya mawindingo.

• Pre - maintenance Inspection: Fanya majaribio ya kujitunza kabla ya muda wa peak load ili kutambua hatari.

• Installation ya Stabilization: Hakikisha transformer ameainishwa vizuri ili kupunguza impact ya vibration kwenye mawindingo.

2. Uzee wa Insulation Faults

Uzee wa insulation ni pili kwa matatizo yasiyofaa katika transformers za kusambaza umeme wa fasi moja, inayohusiana na uzee wa chombo solid insulation na deterioration ya oil insulation. Uzee wa insulation utapunguza uwezo wa insulation wa transformer na kusababisha uzee wa kifaa kwa kasi. Kulingana na takwimu, inaweza kupunguza miaka ya matumizi (35-40 miaka) ya transformer hadi miaka 20, ambayo inapatikana zaidi katika transformers zinazoendelea kufanya kazi kwa muda mrefu, kwenye mazingira magumu, au zinazolipwa kwa ustadi wa kutosha.

(1) Usimamizi wa Matatizo

• Badiliko la Oil Quality: Mafuta ya transformer yanaenda kushuka kutoka rangi ya manjano hadi orange au brown, na hata carbon deposits yanaweza kutokuwa.

• Decline ya Insulation: Thamani ya test ya resistance ya insulation ni chini ya standard, na volume ya partial discharge inajikuuza.

• Sauti Isiyosafi: Sauti ya kazi ni sharp na isiyosafi, na mara ya uzee ina positive correlation na joto (kulingana na teoria ya Arrhenius, mara ya uzee inaongezeka mara mbili kila temperature inaongezeka kwa 6°C).

(2) Njia za Kutatua

• Analysis ya Oil Sample: Fanya chromatographic analysis ili kutathmini content ya characteristic gases na kuhakikisha degree ya uzee.

• Oil and Material Disposal: Kulingana na hali ya uzee, hakikisha kama unahitaji kubadilisha mafuta, kurudia chombo cha insulation solid, na kutengeneza overhaul kamili ikiwa lazima.

(3) Strategies za Kupunguza

• Regular Detection: Regularize detection ya oil quality na testing ya resistance ya insulation ili kuhakikisha hali ya insulation.

• Temperature - controlled Operation: Endelea kwa joto sanidi (GB standard: average temperature rise ya winding ya transformer ya oil - immersed ≤ 65°C, na temperature rise ya top oil ≤ 55°C).

• Environment Optimization: Bora mazingira ya kazi, punguza erosion ya dust, humidity, na harmful gases; chagua transformers za efficiency kama S11 type ili kupunguza temperature rise na losses.

3. Matatizo ya Oil Leakage

Oil leakage ni matatizo yasiyofaa na yasiyotumaini katika transformers za kusambaza umeme wa fasi moja. Inachukua zaidi ya 40% ya matatizo katika transformers za umeme, ambayo itasababisha uzee wa insulation na heat dissipation, na kusababisha afya, pollution, na losses za kiuchumi.

(1) Usimamizi wa Matatizo

• Oil Level Drop: Oil level gauge inaonyesha kuwa oil level imepanda, na oil stains zinaweza kuonekana kwenye surface ya tank ya oil.

• Related Abnormalities: Sauti ya kazi ni sharp na isiyosafi, oil-paper insulation ni damp, na leakage inajaa katika siku za mvua na mazingira ya humidity.

(2) Sababu za Matatizo

Uzee/damage ya seals, weld cracking, installation ya bushing isiyo sahihi, connections zenye urutubisho kutokana na vibration, rust ya tank ya oil, na oil pressure abnormal kutokana na blocked breather.

(3) Njia za Kutatua

• Graded Treatment: Repare leaks madogo mara kwa mara, na ingiza kwa haraka shutdown na kutengeneza overhaul kamili kwa leaks kali.

• Root Repair: Badilisha seals, repara welds/connections, safisha breather, na hakikisha operation ya oil conservator ni sahihi.

(4) Strategies za Kupunguza

• Seal Inspection: Angalia mara kwa mara hali ya sealing, na zitokezelea kwa urutubisho kwenye mazingira ya vibration.

• Material Upgrade: Tumia materials bora za sealing, safisha tank ya oil ili kupunguza corrosion; transformers za zamani zinaweza kubadilishwa na products zenye structures mpya za sealing.

4. Matatizo ya Joto Lisilo Sahihi

Joto lisilo sahihi ni aina muhimu ya matatizo katika transformers za kusambaza umeme wa fasi moja, inayohusiana na overheating ya mawindingo, local overheating ya iron core, na temperature rise ya mafuta. Ni "trigger" kwa matatizo kama insulation aging, oil leakage, na deformation ya mawindingo. Kulingana na standards za IEC, wakati temperature ya hottest spot inapata 140°C, bubbles zinaweza kutokana na mafuta, ambayo itapunguza insulation au kusababisha flashover, kusababisha damage ya transformer.

(1) Usimamizi wa Matatizo

• Temperature Exceeding Standard: Oil temperature gauge inaonyesha kuwa temperature inapanda, surface ya local inaoverheat na inabadilika, na oil level ya oil conservator ina abnormality.

• Sauti Isiyosafi: Hutoka sauti ya "buzzing", inaongezeka kwa load; rangi ya mafuta inaongezeka na carbon deposits yanaweza kutokuwa.

(2) Sababu za Matatizo

Transformer overload, internal faults (mawindingo/iron core short circuit), cooling system faults, high ambient temperature, insufficient oil volume kutokana na poor sealing, na poor installation ventilation.

(3) Njia za Kutatua

• Load Reduction and Shutdown: Ingiza kwa haraka reduce load au shutdown, na angalia cooling system.

• Precise Diagnosis: Tumia thermometer ya infrared ili kutambua point ya over-heated, chagua sample ya mafuta kwa chromatographic analysis, angalia internal faults; repare external causes.

(4) Strategies za Kupunguza

• Monitoring and Analysis: Angalia mara kwa mara temperature, unda trend analysis; zingatieni kwa dharura overload ya muda mrefu.

• Environment Optimization: Bora position ya installation ili kuhakikisha ventilation; safisha dirt kwenye heat sink; ongeza capacity au operate multiple units parallel katika maeneo ya high-load, na weka sunshades na ventilation devices katika mazingira ya high-temperature.

5. Matatizo ya Low-voltage Tap

Matatizo ya low-voltage tap ni unique kwa transformers za kusambaza umeme wa fasi moja, inayohusiana na poor contact, open circuits, na wrong connections. Kwa sababu ya low-voltage side inatumia tap-off design (kama vile three/four taps), quality ya connection inahusu sana output voltage na stability ya operation, ambayo ni common katika transformers zinazowezekana kwa mizigo ya fluctuation na insufficient operation and maintenance.

(1) Usimamizi wa Matatizo

• Voltage Abnormality: Output voltage usiwezekani, ni juu au chini.

• Sauti Isiyosafi: Hutoka sauti ya "clatter" "rustling" mechanical friction, inaonekana wakati load inabadilika; voltage ya low-voltage side ina imbalance, na operation temperature ina abnormality.

(2) Sababu za Matatizo

Poor tap welding, oxidation ya contact surface, insecure installation, failure to restore connections during operation and maintenance, large contact resistance kutokana na mazingira ya humidity, na wear ya contact point kutokana na fluctuations ya load.

(3) Njia za Kutatua

• Power-off Maintenance: Angalia connection ya tap, re-weld, na fasten loose parts, badilisha components zenye uzee.

• Cleaning and Protection: Safisha sehemu zinazotumai poorly, ili kutathmini switch ya tap-changing.

(4) Strategies za Kupunguza

• Regular Inspection: Regularize inspection ya connections ya tap, na tumia welding materials na processes bora.

• Environment Adaptation: Ongeza measures za kuzuia humidity katika mazingira ya humidity; kwa transformers zinazotumia tap adjustments mara kwa mara, badilisha kwa reliable connection methods; badilisha equipment za zamani na products zenye designs mpya za tap.

6. Application of Intelligent Monitoring Technology in Fault Diagnosis

Kwa maendeleo ya smart grid, diagnosis mode ya zamani inayotegemea manual experience na instruments simple zimebadilika kwa intelligent monitoring technology. Fault diagnosis system based on artificial intelligence inaweza ku-monitor status ya operation kwa real-time, early-warning risks kwa awali, na kuboresha accuracy na efficiency ya diagnosis.

(1) Mainstream Technologies

• Infrared Sensing Temperature Measurement: Na accuracy ±1°C, inaweza kutathmini abnormal temperatures accurately.

• Acoustic Signature Recognition Diagnosis: Analyze frequency na characteristics ya operation sound ili kutambua normal na fault sounds.

• Analysis of Dissolved Gases in Oil: Detect content ya characteristic gases ili kutathmini aina na degree ya internal faults.

• Machine Learning System: Integrate multiple parameters ili kunda fault prediction model.

(2) Application Effects

Baada ya kutumia infrared temperature measurement, company ya power increased fault detection rate by 65% na shortened processing time by 40%; acoustic signature recognition inaweza kutambua winding faults 3-6 months mapema. Intelligent system inaweza pia kutambua faults na kutathmini severity, kutolea basis kwa decisions za operation and maintenance.

7. Maintenance and Prevention Measures for Single-phase Transformers

Matatizo mengi ya transformers za kusambaza umeme wa fasi moja huhusiana na operation ya muda mrefu, mazingira, na insufficient operation and maintenance. Establishing a scientific maintenance system na implementing preventive measures ni muhimu kwa reducing faults na extending service life.

(1) Daily Maintenance

• Oil Condition Inspection: Angalia mara kwa mara oil level na oil color ili kuhakikisha oil level ni sahihi na oil quality ni nzuri.

• Status Monitoring: Monitor operation sound, monitor temperature, na unda trend analysis.

• Component Inspection: Angalia cleanness, damage, na discharge traces ya bushings; verify grounding system (grounding resistance of 100 kVA and above ≤ 4Ω, and below ≤ 10Ω).

• Environmental Management: Hakikisha installation ya stable, safisha dirt ya surface, na kupunguza pollution discharge.

(2) Classified Prevention

• Winding Faults: Avoid overload na fanya majaribio ya insulation mara kwa mara.

• Insulation Aging: Operate at controlled temperature na fanya majaribio ya oil quality mara kwa mara.

• Oil Leakage: Angalia seal mara kwa mara na zitokezelea kwa urutubisho kwenye mazingira ya vibration.

• Abnormal Temperature: Bora installation, hakikisha ventilation, na weka temperature monitoring devices.

• Tap Faults: Angalia connections mara kwa mara, tumia welding processes bora, na kupunguza humidity kwenye mazingira ya humidity.

(3) Standard Adaptation and Optimization

Chagua transformers za efficiency kulingana na GB20052-2020 ili kupunguza losses na temperature rise; operate multiple units parallel katika maeneo ya high-load ili kupunguza load pressure kwenye single unit; ongeza environmental management ili kupunguza external erosion.

8. Conclusions and Recommendations

Matatizo ya common ya transformers za kusambaza umeme wa fasi moja huwasambana, na mengi yanaletwa na factor moja tu kuleta matatizo mengi. Building a complete fault diagnosis system inayohusiana na traditional experience na intelligent technology inaweza kuboresha accuracy na efficiency ya diagnosis.

Operation and Maintenance Management Recommendations

• Monitoring System: Unda comprehensive monitoring system kwa multiple parameters kama temperature, sound, na oil quality ili kuthibitisha status kwa real-time.

• Environment Optimization: Bora position na method ya installation ili kupunguza impact ya mazingira.

• Pre-maintenance Tests: Fanya majaribio ya preventive (insulation resistance tests, oil quality detection, etc.) mara kwa mara ili kutambua hatari.

• Dynamic Adjustment: Badilisha operation mode na transformer capacity kulingana na changes ya load.

• Technology Upgrade: Chagua equipment za efficiency na intelligent monitoring ili kuboresha efficiency na ability ya diagnosis.

Maendeleo ya smart grid inasaidia fault diagnosis na management ya transformers za kusambaza umeme wa fasi moja kusonga kwa intelligence na refinement. Tunapaswa kuwaambia companies za power kutumia teknolojia na standards mpya, kunda big data health management system, kutekeleza early fault warning na precise diagnosis, na kuboresha reliability na economy ya distribution network.