Tahadi da Amsa na Kisan Gwaji-gwaji a Turbin Mai Sauri

A Cikin Mafi Girman Da Turbin Masu Karkashin Zanzeri: Turbin Mai Shiga Da Turai Da Turbin Mai Resin

A yanzu an fiye da suka yi amfani da su a cikin mafi girman da turbin masu karkashin zanzeri suna da turbin mai shiga da turai da turbin mai resin. Sistem na insulasyon na turbin masu karkashin zanzeri, wanda aka gina daga abubuwa masu insulasyon, yana da muhimmanci a kan jiragen da ita. Tsari na ita ya shiga da ita ta hanyar tsarin insulasyon (mai shiga da kafofin kaya ko resin).

A halayyar daɗi, yawancin nasarorin da suka faruwa a cikin turbin sun faruwa saboda dalilin insulasyon. Tattalin statistiki sun nuna cewa nasarorin da suka faruwa saboda insulasyon ke da ake biyo zuwa 85% daga duka nasarorin da suka faruwa a cikin turbin. Turbin da aka taimaka da sauran taimakawa da alama a kan insulasyon za a iya ci gaba da tsari mai tsawo. Saboda haka, a gabatar da inganci da ita da kuma a taimaka da insulasyon ya kunshi a iya tabbatar da tsari mai tsawo ga turbin, a cikin haka taimakawa da taimakawa da alama sun fiye da muhimmanci a kan karɓar da tsari da kuma darajar da kyau a kan bayyana zanzeri.

1.Nasarorin Insulasyon Mai Kafofin Kaya

A cikin turbin mai shiga, abubuwan da suka yi amfani don insulasyon sun haɗa da shiga da abubuwan da suka yi amfani don insulasyon, hakan da kafofin kaya, batako, da kayan kaya. Gisgisan insulasyon na turbin yana nufin cikakken wannan abubuwan da suka yi amfani don insulasyon saboda dalilin al'adu, wanda yake iya haɗa da kasance da kuma rasa da insulasyon.

Insulasyon mai kafofin kaya yana cikin muhimman abubuwan da suka yi amfani don insulasyon a cikin turbin mai shiga, hakan da kafofin kaya, batako, pad, roll, da bindin tape. Abun da ya fiye da ita shine cellulose da rumar da chemical (C6H10O5)n, inda n yana nufin degree of polymerization (DP). Kafofin kaya mai sarrafa yana da DP da take da 1300, wanda yake zama 250 idan ake samu waɗannan DP da suka rage da kusan yawan damar ita.

Idan ya rage da DP da take da 150-200, akwai karamin tsari. Idan kafofin kaya ya rage, DP da yankin damar ita sun rage siffar, wanda yake iya haɗa da maji, CO, CO2, da furfural (furan aldehyde). Wannan abubuwan da suka rage suna da daban-daban da suka da dacewar da abubuwan da suka yi amfani don insulasyon, wanda suka rage da breakdown voltage da volume resistivity da kuma dielectric loss, wanda yake iya haɗa da damar ita da kuma nasarorin korosyon a kan abubuwan da suka yi amfani don insulasyon.

Insulasyon mai kafofin kaya yana da muhimman gisgisa da ba zama da yiwuwa, da yankin da damar ita da kuma yankin insulasyon sun rage da ba zama da yiwuwa. Saboda haka, a matsayin da tsari na turbin ya shiga da ita ta hanyar tsarin insulasyon, abubuwan da suka yi amfani don insulasyon mai kafofin kaya a cikin turbin mai shiga ya kamata a taimaka da yankin insulasyon da kuma yankin insulasyon mai kyau, da rage da yadda ake amfani don ita a cikin shekarun da suka yi amfani don ita - wanda yake nuna yadda ake amfani don ita da kyau.

1.1 Dalilan Abubuwan Da Suka Yi Amfani Don Kafofin Kaya

Kafofin kaya mai fiber yana da muhimman abubuwan da suka yi amfani don insulasyon a cikin turbin mai shiga. Fiber na kafofin kaya yana cikin abubuwan da suka yi amfani don insulasyon. Ba a nan da abubuwan da suka yi amfani don insulasyon babu free electrons, amma an yi amfani don ionic conduction. Cellulose na da carbon, hydrogen, da oxygen. Saboda hydroxyl groups a cikin structure molecular, cellulose na iya haɗa da maji, wanda yake na iya haɗa da kafofin kaya da kyau da maji.

Kuma, wadannan hydroxyl groups na iya haɗa da abubuwan da suka yi amfani don insulasyon, da kuma abubuwan da suka yi amfani don insulasyon. Kafofin kaya na da abubuwan da suka yi amfani don insulasyon, hakan da moisture. Saboda nature collodial na fiber, ba a nan da abubuwan da suka yi amfani don insulasyon babu free electrons, amma an yi amfani don ionic conduction. Cellulose na da carbon, hydrogen, da oxygen. Saboda hydroxyl groups a cikin structure molecular, cellulose na iya haɗa da maji, wanda yake na iya haɗa da kafofin kaya da kyau da maji.

Fiber mai polar na iya haɗa da maji (majin da yake da kyau a kan polar medium). Idan kafofin kaya ya haɗa da maji, interaction da hydroxyl groups ta rage, wanda yake iya haɗa da yankin damar ita da kuma yankin insulasyon. Saboda haka, kafofin kaya na iya haɗa da drying ko vacuum drying treatment, kuma kadan ya iya haɗa da impregnation oil ko insulating varnish.

Dalilin impregnation shine iya haɗa da fiber moist, wanda yake iya haɗa da yankin insulasyon da kuma yankin chemical stability, da kuma yankin damar ita. Kuma, sealing paper da varnish na iya haɗa da moisture absorption, wanda yake iya haɗa da oxidation, da kuma filling voids to minimize bubbles wanda suka haɗa da yankin insulasyon. Amma, wasu sun ce cewa impregnation da varnish kuma shiga da oil, wanda yake iya haɗa da performance oil, wanda yake ya kamata a duba haka da alama.

Babu haka, abubuwan da suka yi amfani don insulasyon mai fiber na iya haɗa da impact da properties. Misali, cotton na da fiber content da ya fiye, hemp na da fiber da ya fiye, da kuma imported insulating pressboards na da processing da ya fiye, wanda suka haɗa da performance mai kyau da kuma domestic paperboards. Most transformer insulation materials use various forms of paper (such as paper tape, pressboard, and pressure-molded paper components) for insulation.

Saboda haka, selecting quality fiber-based insulating paper materials is crucial during transformer manufacturing and maintenance. Fiber paper offers special advantages including practicality, low cost, convenient processing, simple forming and treatment at moderate temperatures, light weight, moderate strength, and easy absorption of impregnating materials (such as insulating varnish and transformer oil).

1.2 Yankin Damar Ita Da Kafofin Kaya

For oil-immersed transformers selecting paper insulation materials, the most important factors beyond fiber composition, density, permeability, and uniformity include mechanical strength requirements such as tensile strength, puncture strength, tear strength, and toughness:

• Tensile Strength: The maximum stress paper fibers can withstand under tensile load without breaking.

• Puncture Strength: A measure of paper fibers' ability to withstand pressure without fracturing.

• Tear Strength: The force required to tear paper fibers must meet relevant standards.

• Kankara: Tsawon kwayar da aka fale ko tsawon pressboard da aka watsa dole ne su sarrafa sharruɗɗan da suka dauke.

Iyakokin kanso mai jini za’a iya yanke ta hanyar samun mayeji don yanka darajar polymerization na kwayar ko pressboard, ko ta amfani da chromatography mai tsarin uku don yanka sadarwa furfural a ciki mai tsafi. 

Wannan ke taimaka wajen lissafin alama mai zuwa dake yanzu sun hada da kanso mai jini ko idan sauna mai zanga-zanganan karfi ke haifar da ijirin lokaci na iyakokin kanso mai jini, ko don fasaha darajar ijirin kanso mai jini. Don abubuwan kanso mai jini na kwayar fiber bayan kiyaye da kiyasin, ya kamata a kara gagaruma kan kanso mai tsaurar transformer, tabbatar da albitawa mai kyau da kunshewar hankali a mahallin aikin, kula da karfin ruwa mai nisa a transformer ko karin ruwa a tank. Hanyoyi na’udda dole ne su kula da karin ruwa mai tsafi ko ijirinsa wanda ke iya kawar da ijirin fiber, ke kula da iyakokin kanso mai jini na transformer, ingancin aikin, da kuma kariyar aiki.

1.3 Ijirin Abubuwan Kanso Mai Jini na Kwayar Fiber

Wannan yana ƙaddamar da uku babban:

• Kankar Kwayar Fiber: Karin zurfi yana haifar da ruwa ta fita daga abubuwan kanso mai jini yana kawar da kankar kwayar fiber. Kwayar kankara da kankara zai iya haifar da kuskuren kanso da kuskuren elektrike yayin aiki da injin, stress elektrodynamic, da kuma kokarin aiki.

• An san gudunƙar iyakokin kanso mai jini na abubuwan fiber: Iyakokin kanso mai jini na abubuwan fiber ya gudunƙa tare da karin lokacin zurfi. Yayin transformer yana zurfi yana haifar da ruwa ta fita daga abubuwan kanso mai jini sabonsa, darajar kanso kanso kanso zai iya kara, amma iyakokin kanso zai gudunƙa sosai, kamar haka kwayar kanso bai iya kasa da karfin mekaniki daga karfin short-circuit ko kokarin kokarin.

• Kurjin Abubuwan Fiber: Bayan kankar, abubuwan fiber sun kurji, sun kasance karin clamping force kuma sun iya haifar da kayan aiki. Wannan zai iya haifar da kayan aiki na winding transformer da kuma kuskure yayin aiki da electromagnetic vibration ko kokarin voltage, kuskure kanso.

2. Kuskuren Kanso Mai Ruwa na Tsafi

Transformer mai tsafi an raba shi ta siyenshin Amerika Thompson a shekarar 1887 kuma an rage shi don amincewar transformer ta General Electric da wasu a shekarar 1892. Kanso mai ruwa da aka nuna nan shine kanso mai tsafi na transformer.

2.1 Alamar Transformer mai Tsafi:

① Yana kawar da iyakokin kanso elektrike sosai, yana kuskure tsakanin kanso, yana kuskure girman kayan aiki; ② Yana kawar da kungiyar kungiyar hankali sosai, yana kawar da karfin allowed current a conductors, yana kuskure girman kayan aiki. Zurfi daga core na transformer yayin aiki ana ba da shi ta hanyar circulation thermal na oil transformer zuwa casing na transformer da radiator don kuskure, kamar haka yana kawar da kungiyar kungiyar; ③ Tsafi da kusa yana kuskure oxidation na wasu abubuwan biyu da abubuwan sanya, yana kawar da ingancin aikin.

2.2 Alamar Transformer Oil

Transformer oil yayin aiki dole ne taƙilna iyakokin kanso mai kyau da kungiyar hankali. Alamar babban sun hada da iyakokin kanso (tan δ), viscosity, pour point, da acid value. Insulating oil mai nuni daga petroleum shine madaidaicin hydrocarbons, resins, acids, da wasu impurities da alamar da ba su dace sosai. Tare da zurfi, sautin electric, da effetsa photo, ruwa yana ciƙin oxidation. A halayyin normal, wannan proses oxidation yana ciƙin slow; tare da kiyaye mai kyau, ruwa zai iya kama da zarar amincewar kwamfuta har zuwa 20 shekara. Amma metals, impurities, da gases masu kula da ruwa yana kawar da oxidation, yana kuskure kalubalen ruwa, yana kuskure launi, yana kuskure kunkiya, yana kuskure sadarwa ruwa, acid value, da ash content, kamar haka yana kuskure alamar ruwa.

2.3 Causen Kuskuren Transformer Oil

Kuskuren transformer oil za’a iya rarrabewa zuwa contamination da degradation stages bisa tsawon.

Contamination ita ce ruwa da impurities su kula da ruwa—wannan ba products oxidation ba. Ruwan contaminated ta kuskure iyakokin kanso, ta kuskure breakdown electric field strength, ta kuskure dielectric loss angle.

Degradation ta canzawa daga oxidation na ruwa. Wannan oxidation ba ta nuna hydrocarbon oxidation a pure oil kawai, amma ta hada da impurities a ruwa su kawar da proses oxidation, musamman copper, iron, da aluminum metal particles.

Oxygen ta fara daga sama a cikin transformer. Ko da wa transformer mai tsaro mai tsoro, takamatan 0.25% oxygen yana cikin. Oxygen tana da solubility mai zurfi, kamar haka take girman mai zurfi a gas dissolved in oil.

Yayin oxidation na transformer oil, moisture ta aiki kamar catalyst da zurfi ta aiki kamar accelerator sun haifar da transformer oil to produce sludge. Wannan yana iya iyakokin kanso ta hanyar: particles precipitate mai zurfi ta aiki da electric field; precipitation impurity ta kula da wuraren da ke da strongest electric field, ta kirkirar "bridges" mai conducts a tsakanin transformer insulation; precipitation mai zurfi ta kirkirar strips elongated da za’a iya kira da electric field lines, ta kuskure kungiyar hankali, ta kawar da ijirin abubuwan kanso, ta haifar da kuskure resistance kanso da kuskure darajar kanso.

2.4 Prosenshin Kuskuren Transformer Oil

Yayin kuskuren ruwa, byproducts babban sun hada da peroxides, acids, alcohols, ketones, da sludge.

Gabatarwa na degradation: Ruwa ta generate peroxides ta yi alkawari da abubuwan kanso mai jini fiber to form oxidized cellulose, ta kuskure iyakokin kanso mai jini na fibers, ta haifar da kankar da kuskure kanso. Acids generated suna fatty acids viscous. Ko da ba su corrosive kamar mineral acids ba, karin rate da kama da kama da abubuwan kanso organic suna sosai.

Tara na lokacin da ya kawo: Yana faruwa da zuba a lokacin da acid suka tafiya copper, iron, insulating varnish, da sauransu, wanda yake faruwa da zuba - wani abu mai kare mai kyau, mai karfi da ke gudanar da zuba. Yana ciyar da oil cikin haka, kuma yana faruwa ne da take da shiga electric field, yana haifar da insulating materials ko edges of transformer tank, yana faruwa da oil pipes da radiator fins, yana fi tsayiyan temperature da transformer ya yi aiki da kuma yana rage dielectric strength.

Proses na oxidation ta oil ana da biyu na muhimmanci a kan conditions: kadan, acid value mai karama a kan transformer, wanda yake tafiya oil zuwa acid; sune, oxides mai sarrafa a kan oil suna faruwa zuwa compounds ba a bace a kan oil, wanda yake rage quality ta transformer oil daidai.

2.5 Analysis, Assessment, and Maintenance of Transformer Oil

① Insulating Oil Deterioration: Both physical and chemical properties change, degrading electrical performance. Testing oil acid value, interfacial tension, sludge precipitation, and water-soluble acid value can determine if this defect type exists. Oil regeneration treatment may eliminate deterioration products, though the process might also remove natural antioxidants.

② Insulating Oil Water Contamination: Water is a strongly polar substance that easily ionizes and decomposes under electric fields, increasing conductive current in insulating oil. Even minute moisture significantly increases dielectric loss in insulating oil. Testing oil moisture content can identify this defect type. Pressure vacuum oil filtration generally eliminates moisture.

③ Microbial Contamination of Insulating Oil: During main transformer installation or core hoisting, insects on insulating components or human sweat residue may carry bacteria, contaminating the insulating oil; or the oil itself may already be infected with microorganisms. Main transformers typically operate in 40-80°C environments, highly favorable for microbial growth and reproduction. Since minerals and proteins in microorganisms and their excretions have far lower insulation properties than insulating oil, they increase oil dielectric loss. This defect is difficult to address with on-site circulation treatment, as some microorganisms always remain on solid insulation. After treatment, transformer insulation may temporarily recover, but the operating environment favors microbial regrowth, causing insulation to deteriorate year by year.

④ Alkyd Resin Insulating Varnish with Polar Substances Dissolving in Oil: Under electric field influence, polar substances undergo dipole relaxation polarization, consuming energy during AC polarization processes, increasing oil dielectric loss. Though insulating varnish undergoes curing before leaving the factory, incomplete treatment may remain. After operating for some time, incompletely treated varnish gradually dissolves in oil, progressively degrading insulation performance. The occurrence time of this defect relates to the thoroughness of varnish treatment; one or two adsorption treatments can achieve certain effectiveness.

⑤ Oil Contaminated Only with Water and Impurities: This contamination doesn't change oil's basic properties. Moisture can be removed through drying; impurities can be cleared through filtration; air in oil can be removed through vacuum pumping.

⑥ Mixing Two or More Different Sources of Insulating Oil: Oil properties should meet relevant specifications; oil specific gravity, freezing temperature, viscosity, and flash point should be similar; and mixed oil stability should meet requirements. For degraded mixed oil, chemical regeneration methods are needed to separate deterioration products and restore properties.

3. Dry-Type Resin Transformer Insulation and Characteristics

Dry-type transformers (referring here to epoxy resin insulated transformers) are primarily used in locations with high fire safety requirements, such as high-rise buildings, airports, and oil depots.

3.1 Types of Resin Insulation

Epoxy resin insulated transformers can be classified into three types based on manufacturing process characteristics: epoxy-quartz sand mixture vacuum casting type, epoxy-alkali-free glass fiber reinforced vacuum differential pressure casting type, and alkali-free glass fiber wrapping impregnation type.

① Epoxy-Quartz Sand Mixture Vacuum Casting Insulation: These transformers use quartz sand as filler for epoxy resin. Coils wrapped and treated with insulating varnish are placed in casting molds and vacuum-cast with an epoxy resin and quartz sand mixture. Due to casting process challenges in meeting quality requirements—such as residual bubbles, local non-uniformity of mixture, and potential local thermal stress cracking—these insulated transformers are unsuitable for humid, hot environments and areas with significant load variations.

② Epoxy Alkali-Free Glass Fiber Reinforced Vacuum Differential Pressure Casting Insulation: This uses short alkali-free glass fibers or glass mat as outer layer insulation between winding layers. The outermost insulation wrapping thickness is typically a thin insulation of 1-3mm. After mixing with epoxy resin casting material in proper proportions, air bubbles are removed under high vacuum before casting. Since the wrapping insulation thickness is thin, poor impregnation can easily form partial discharge points. Therefore, the casting material mixture must be complete, vacuum degassing must be thorough, and low viscosity and casting speed must be controlled to ensure high-quality impregnation of coil packages during casting.

③ Alkali-Free Glass Fiber Wrapping Impregnation Insulation: These transformers complete layer insulation treatment and coil impregnation simultaneously during winding. They don't require winding forming molds needed in the previous two impregnation processes, but require low-viscosity resin that shouldn't retain micro-bubbles during winding and impregnation.

3.2 Insulation Characteristics and Maintenance of Resin Transformers

The insulation level of resin transformers isn't significantly different from oil-immersed transformers; the key differences lie in temperature rise and partial discharge measurements.

① Tattalin Zafiya: Masu zafiya masu resin suna da tattalin zafiya masu yawan da suka fi sashe da masu zafiya masu mai shikin mai. Wannan ya ba da kyau a bayyana matsayin abubuwa masu zafiya da ke gaba da jiki. Amma tattalin zafiya na biyu bai tabbatar da tattalin zafiya na tsakiyar adadin kofin. Idan abubuwan da ake amfani da su don zafiya a cikin tattalin zafiya na biyu bai canzawa ne, ko kuma idan an yanar gizo ta da hankali, ko kuma idan masu zafiya masu resin sun yi aiki a lokacin da suka fi sashe da hankali, zama za su iya haifar da zamanin aiki.

Saboda tattalin zafiya na biyu bai tabbatar da tattalin zafiya na tsakiyar adadin kofin, idan yake da kyau, ya kamata a yi nemo da tattalin zafiya na tsakiyar adadin kofin masu zafiya masu resin a lokacin da suka fi sashe da hankali maxa, tun daga fagen fadada masu zafiya. Ya kamata a sake gudanar da wurin da masu zafiya masu resin suka samun zafiya, kuma a gudanar da alamar zafiya na tsakiyar adadin kofin, don in ba da aiki na masu zafiya da dalilin zafiya.

② Mayar da Zafiya Mai Tsawo: Yadda kan zafiya mai tsawo a cikin masu zafiya masu resin ya danganta da yadda kan zafiya mai tsawo a cikin masu zafiya, da kuma yadda kan zafiya mai tsawo a cikin masu zafiya, da kuma yadda kan zafiya mai tsawo a cikin masu zafiya. Zafiya mai tsawo masu zafiya masu resin ya danganta da yadda kan zafiya mai tsawo a cikin masu zafiya, da kuma yadda kan zafiya mai tsawo a cikin masu zafiya, da kuma yadda kan zafiya mai tsawo a cikin masu zafiya. Saboda haka, ya kamata a yi nemo da zafiya mai tsawo a cikin masu zafiya masu resin, don in ba da aiki na masu zafiya, da kuma yadda kan zafiya mai tsawo a cikin masu zafiya. A lokacin da a yi nemo da zafiya mai tsawo a cikin masu zafiya masu resin, ya kamata a yi nemo da zafiya mai tsawo a cikin masu zafiya, da kuma yadda kan zafiya mai tsawo a cikin masu zafiya, da kuma yadda kan zafiya mai tsawo a cikin masu zafiya.

Idan ana saukar da masu zafiya masu resin, ya kamata a yi nemo da yadda kan zafiya mai tsawo a cikin masu zafiya, da kuma yadda kan zafiya mai tsawo a cikin masu zafiya, da kuma yadda kan zafiya mai tsawo a cikin masu zafiya. Ana kamata a zaba da masu zafiya masu resin daga masu aiki da take da aiki da kyau, da kuma yadda kan zafiya mai tsawo a cikin masu zafiya, da kuma yadda kan zafiya mai tsawo a cikin masu zafiya, da kuma yadda kan zafiya mai tsawo a cikin masu zafiya, don in ba da aiki na masu zafiya, da kuma yadda kan zafiya mai tsawo a cikin masu zafiya, da kuma yadda kan zafiya mai tsawo a cikin masu zafiya.

4. Abubuwan Da Su Danganta Da Kasa Masu Zafiya

Abubuwan da su danganta da kasa masu zafiya sun hada da: tattalin zafiya, tsakiyar ruwa, yadda kan zafiya mai tsawo a cikin masu zafiya, da kuma yadda kan zafiya mai tsawo a cikin masu zafiya.

4.1 Tattalin Zafiya

Masu zafiya masu oil-paper suna da halittu da yadda kan zafiya mai tsawo a cikin masu zafiya, da kuma yadda kan zafiya mai tsawo a cikin masu zafiya. Idan tattalin zafiya ya faru, zafiya mai tsawo a cikin masu zafiya ya faru; idan tattalin zafiya ya rage, zafiya mai tsawo a cikin masu zafiya ya rage. Saboda haka, a tattalin zafiya masu yawa, zafiya mai tsawo a cikin masu zafiya ya faru; idan tattalin zafiya ya rage, zafiya mai tsawo a cikin masu zafiya ya rage.

Tattalin zafiya suna danganta da yadda kan zafiya mai tsawo a cikin masu zafiya, da kuma yadda kan zafiya mai tsawo a cikin masu zafiya. A tattalin zafiya, CO da CO2 suna faru da tattalin zafiya, saboda haka, CO da CO2 suna faru da tattalin zafiya. Idan tattalin zafiya ya faru, CO da CO2 suna faru da tattalin zafiya. Saboda haka, CO da CO2 a cikin masu zafiya suna danganta da tattalin zafiya, da kuma yadda kan zafiya mai tsawo a cikin masu zafiya, da kuma yadda kan zafiya mai tsawo a cikin masu zafiya, don in ba da aiki na masu zafiya, da kuma yadda kan zafiya mai tsawo a cikin masu zafiya, da kuma yadda kan zafiya mai tsawo a cikin masu zafiya.

Zamanin aiki masu zafiya ya danganta da tattalin zafiya, da kuma yadda kan zafiya mai tsawo a cikin masu zafiya. Misali, masu zafiya masu oil-immersed a lokacin da suka fi sashe da hankali, tattalin zafiya na biyu ya faru da 65°C, da kuma tattalin zafiya na tsakiyar adadin kofin ya faru da 78°C. Idan tattalin zafiya na biyu ya faru da 20°C, tattalin zafiya na tsakiyar adadin kofin ya faru da 98°C, wanda ya ba da aiki da 20-30 shekara. Idan masu zafiya suna yi aiki a lokacin da suka fi sashe da hankali, zamanin aiki ya rage.

International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) ce, masu zafiya masu Class A insulation transformers wanda suke yi aiki a tattalin 80-140°C, idan tattalin zafiya ya faru da 6°C, tattalin zafiya na tsakiyar adadin kofin ya faru da 2, wanda ake kira 6°C rule, wanda ya ba da tattalin zafiya masu yawa da 8°C rule da aka bayyana.

4.2 Tsakiyar Ruwa

Tsakiyar ruwa suna danganta da yadda kan zafiya mai tsawo a cikin masu zafiya, da kuma yadda kan zafiya mai tsawo a cikin masu zafiya. A lokacin da tsakiyar ruwa na biyu, zafiya mai tsawo a cikin masu zafiya ya faru da CO2; idan tsakiyar ruwa ya rage, zafiya mai tsawo a cikin masu zafiya ya faru da CO.

Zafiya mai tsawo a cikin masu zafiya suna danganta da yadda kan zafiya mai tsawo a cikin masu zafiya, da kuma yadda kan zafiya mai tsawo a cikin masu zafiya. Zafiya mai tsawo a cikin masu zafiya suna danganta da yadda kan zafiya mai tsawo a cikin masu zafiya, da kuma yadda kan zafiya mai tsawo a cikin masu zafiya, da kuma yadda kan zafiya mai tsawo a cikin masu zafiya, don in ba da aiki na masu zafiya, da kuma yadda kan zafiya mai tsawo a cikin masu zafiya, da kuma yadda kan zafiya mai tsawo a cikin masu zafiya. Idan zafiya mai tsawo a cikin masu zafiya, zama za su iya haifar da aiki da kyau, da kuma yadda kan zafiya mai tsawo a cikin masu zafiya, da kuma yadda kan zafiya mai tsawo a cikin masu zafiya, da kuma yadda kan zafiya mai tsawo a cikin masu zafiya, don in ba da aiki na masu zafiya, da kuma yadda kan zafiya mai tsawo a cikin masu zafiya, da kuma yadda kan zafiya mai tsawo a cikin masu zafiya.

4.3 Yadda Kan Zafiya Mai Tsawo A Cikin Masu Zafiya

Oxygen a cikin masu zafiya masu transformer suna danganta da yadda kan zafiya mai tsawo a cikin masu zafiya, da kuma yadda kan zafiya mai tsawo a cikin masu zafiya. A lokacin da oxygen ya faru, zafiya mai tsawo a cikin masu zafiya ya faru; idan oxygen ya rage, zafiya mai tsawo a cikin masu zafiya ya rage. Saboda haka, yadda kan zafiya mai tsawo a cikin masu zafiya, da kuma yadda kan zafiya mai tsawo a cikin masu zafiya, da kuma yadda kan zafiya mai tsawo a cikin masu zafiya, don in ba da aiki na masu zafiya, da kuma yadda kan zafiya mai tsawo a cikin masu zafiya, da kuma yadda kan zafiya mai tsawo a cikin masu zafiya. Misali, CO ya faru da tattalin zafiya, saboda haka, CO ya faru da tattalin zafiya, da kuma yadda kan zafiya mai tsawo a cikin masu zafiya, da kuma yadda kan zafiya mai tsawo a cikin masu zafiya, don in ba da aiki na masu zafiya, da kuma yadda kan zafiya mai tsawo a cikin masu zafiya, da kuma yadda kan zafiya mai tsawo a cikin masu zafiya.

4.4 Yadda Kan Zafiya Mai Tsawo A Cikin Masu Zafiya

① Yadda Kan Zafiya Mai Tsawo A Cikin Masu Zafiya: Masu zafiya masu three-phase transformers wanda suke yi aiki a tattalin 58% da tattalin phase-to-phase. Amma, a lokacin da single-phase faults, tattalin zafiya na tsakiyar adadin kofin ya faru da 30% a neutral-grounded systems, da kuma 73% a ungrounded neutral systems, wanda ya danganta da yadda kan zafiya mai tsawo a cikin masu zafiya, da kuma yadda kan zafiya mai tsawo a cikin masu zafiya, don in ba da aiki na masu zafiya, da kuma yadda kan zafiya mai tsawo a cikin masu zafiya, da kuma yadda kan zafiya mai tsawo a cikin masu zafiya.

② Yadda Kan Zafiya Mai Tsawo A Cikin Masu Zafiya: Zafiya mai tsawo a cikin masu zafiya suna danganta da yadda kan zafiya mai tsawo a cikin masu zafiya, da kuma yadda kan zafiya mai tsawo a cikin masu zafiya, da kuma yadda kan zafiya mai tsawo a cikin masu zafiya, don in ba da aiki na masu zafiya, da kuma yadda kan zafiya mai tsawo a cikin masu zafiya, da kuma yadda kan zafiya mai tsawo a cikin masu zafiya, da kuma yadda kan zafiya mai tsawo a cikin masu zafiya. Zafiya mai tsawo a cikin masu zafiya suna danganta da yadda kan zafiya mai tsawo a cikin masu zafiya, da kuma yadda kan zafiya mai tsawo a cikin masu zafiya, da kuma yadda kan zafiya mai tsawo a cikin masu zafiya, don in ba da aiki na masu zafiya, da kuma yadda kan zafiya mai tsawo a cikin masu zafiya, da kuma yadda kan zafiya mai tsawo a cikin masu zafiya, da kuma yadda kan zafiya mai tsawo a cikin masu zafiya.

③ Yadda Aiki Masu Karamin Kirki: Aikinsu masu karamin kirki suna da zahiri na yadda cikin wani rawa ka taka zuwa wani muka. Idan aikin masu karamin kirki sun taka daga wata rawa zuwa wata muka, aiki ya kai da tsari kan gaba-gaban adadin wata a duk dakin rawa da muka, wanda yake iya shafi da yanka ko karamin kirki a zahiri na mai karatu ko zahiri na bayan-bayan.

4.5 Yadda Aiki Masu Karamin Kirki

Aiki masu karamin kirki a lokacin da aiki na aiki ta fi saki ya kai da tsari kan gaba-gaban adadin rawa da muka, za su iya shafi da yanka ko karamin kirki a zahiri na mai karatu ko zahiri na bayan-bayan, wanda yake iya haifar da karamin kirki, sautin aiki, ko karamin kirki a lokacin da aiki na aiki ta fi saki.

5. Nau'o'i

A nan, fahimtar kyakkyawan zahiri na mai karatu da amfani da hanyar lafiya da rike na mai karatu suna da muhimmanci ga kyakkyawa, damar shekaru, da kuma inganci na abincin karamin kirki. A matsayin abubuwa masu muhimmanci a cikin abubuwan karamin kirki, mutanen da suka yi aiki, rike, da kuma masu mulkin aiki suka da kyau a fahimta da kyakkyawar zahiri na mai karatu, halayyar abubuwa, cinadar da hoton aiki, hanyoyin rike, da kuma fanin ilimi masu ilimi. Ba tare da hanyoyin aiki da rike na ilimi ba za su iya tabbatar da kyakkyawa, damar shekaru, da kuma inganci na abincin karamin kirki.