Vipimo vivyovyavyo vinavyohitajika kwa majukumu ya kuongeza umeme

Kama mteja anayejitahidi na miaka mingi ya ujuzi katika uji wa nguvu, ninajua umuhimu na utaratibu wa uji wa load switch. Chini, ninawakusanyika na ujuzi wangu kutoka kwa kazi ya kinyume ili kuelezea kwa kina kamba yote ya uji wa load switch, tangu vipengele vya uji na njia hadi vyombo vya uji na masharti ya muhimu.

I. Uji wa Mauzo ya Umeme Mara kwa Mara
(1) Uji wa Ukingo wa Mzunguko

Ukingo wa mzunguko ni chibanda kikuu cha kuathiri uendeshaji wa load switch. Ninatumia GB/T 3804 na GB 1984, kwa kutumia njia ya DC voltage drop na kiwango cha ukiwa wa 100A au zaidi. Kwa load switches za 10kV, viwango vya kimataifa vinavyozidi: ≤50μΩ kwenye 630A na ≤20μΩ kwenye 3150A.

 Wakati wa uji, ninatumia SW-100A dedicated loop resistance tester na nikagua kwa makini kwamba fixture ya uji inafanya majukumu bora na contacts. Matokeo ya uji yanapaswa si zaidi ya 120% ya kiwango kilichoanzishwa; ikiwa inazidi hii, ina maana kuwa contact ziko na tatizo au kuna upungufu wa mifumo. Ninafanya matumizi wakati hali ya joto imetumaini kusaidia kupunguza hatari ya tofauti za haraka za joto.

(2) Uji wa Umeme wa Muda wa Siku

Uji huu unatathmini nguvu ya insulation ya load switches. Kwa switches za 10kV, ninafanya uji wa 42kV/1min kati ya phases na ground, na 48kV/1min kati ya break, na leakage current ≤0.5mA.

Kwa switches za 24kV zinazotumiwa katika mazingira ya juu, withstand voltage inabadilishwa kulingana na mtaa (ongeza 7% kwa kila 1000m). Kwa kutumia WGD-40kV withstand voltage tester, ninahakikisha kuwa waveform ya test voltage inastabilika. Ikiwa kukuruka au flashover kunafanyika, ninastop testing mara moja kuthibitisha na kurudia tatizo la insulation.

(3) Uji wa Kutokomeka Mfululizo wa Active Load Current

Uji huu unatathmini uwezo wa kutokomeka active load current kwa load switches kulingana na GB/T 3804. Ninafanya uji huo kwa kiwango cha rated active load, kwa mara nyingi 100% ya kiwango kilichoanzishwa (mfano, 630A).

Wakati wa uji, ninamalizia peak na time coordinates za transient recovery voltage (TRV) ili kuhakikisha kuwa yamefikia viwango vya design. Kwa switches za E1-class (umri wa mifumo ≥100,000 cycles), vitumaini 10 tests; E2 (≥300,000 cycles) na E3 (≥1,000,000 cycles) vitumaini 20 tests. Matokeo haya yana maana kubwa kwa kujitambua performance ya muda mrefu.

II. Uji wa Hali ya Mifumo
(1) Uji wa Umri wa Mifumo

Umri wa mifumo ni chibanda kikuu cha kuathiri uhakika wa muda mrefu, kama M1 (≥100,000 cycles) na M2 (≥300,000 cycles) kulingana na GB/T 3804.

Ninafanya operations za opening/closing za kutosha kwa kutumia SWT11 mechanical characteristic tester ili kurekodi parameters kama operation time, stroke, na speed mpaka jamming au mvutano asili ukafika. Kwa switches zenye matumizi mengi, ninapendekeza uji wa umri wa mifumo wa kila mwaka wake kwa kasi ili kuthibitisha umri wa hali ya hivi punde.

(2) Uji wa Synchronism wa Opening/Closing

Synchronism ni muhimu sana kwa uhakika wa switches za three-phase. Kulingana na GB 1984-2003, synchronism wa opening inapaswa si zaidi ya 1/6 cycle ya rated frequency (3.3ms kwenye 50Hz), na synchronism wa closing inapaswa si zaidi ya 1/4 cycle (5ms).

Kwa kutumia high-precision mechanical characteristic tester, ninarekodi tofauti ya time kwa operations za three-phase contacts. Kwa switches zenye arcing contacts, ninachagua kwa makini signal points za main na arcing contacts ili kuevita mishtara. Ikiwa matokeo yanazidi viwango, ninabadilisha au kurudia components katika operating mechanism.

(3) Uji wa Pressure na Wear ya Contacts

Pressure na wear ya contacts huathiri uendeshaji wa conductivity. Conventional load switch contact pressure ni kwa wingi ~200N, inabadilika kulingana na aina: plug-in switches (mfano, GW4, GW5) ≥130N kwa kila finger, clamp switches (mfano, GW6, GW16) ≥300N, na clapper switches (mfano, GN2 series) ≥200N.

Kwa kutumia ZSKC-9000 contact pressure tester, ninamaliza pressure ya kila finger kwa kutumia simulated contact sensors. Pia ninatathmini wear: kwa vacuum switches, moving contact wear marks zinapaswa si zaidi ya 3mm, au replacement inahitajika. Kupangalia matokeo na records za factory, ninarudia contacts ikiwa pressure inapungua zaidi ya 20% au wear inazidi limits.

III. Uji wa Performance ya Insulation
(1) Uji wa Resistance ya Insulation

Uji huu msingi unatumia 2500V megohmmeter kutathmini inter-phase na ground insulation resistance (≥1000MΩ) na auxiliary circuit resistance (≥1MΩ kwa SF6 switches).Ninahakikisha kuwa switch imefungwa na imeisolate kutoka kwa system wakati wa uji. Ikiwa insulation resistance inapungua zaidi ya 75% ya initial value, ninasuspekta moisture au aging na kufanya inspections zaidi. Ninafanya resistance tests kabla na baada ya uji wa withstand voltage—ikiwa matokeo yanatofautiana zaidi ya 30%, inamaanisha kuwa kuna defects za insulation.

(2) Uji wa Insulation ya SF6 Gas

Kwa SF6 switches, ninafanya uji wa gas humidity (≤150μL/L kwenye arc chambers, ≤300μL/L sehemu nyingine), purity (≥97%), na tightness (≤10% pressure drop over 24h) kutumia GD-3000 detector na infrared spectrometer.Matokeo isiyofanani na viwango hivyo inamaanisha kuwa kuna leakage au contamination, inahitajika action mara moja. Ninapendekeza uji wa gas wa kila mwaka wake kwa SF6 switches zinazotumika ili kudumisha stability ya insulation.

(3) Uji wa Partial Discharge (PD) kwa Solid Insulation

Hii inathibitisha epoxy na solid insulations zingine kulingana na GB/T 3906-2020: PD inapaswa si zaidi ya 20pC kwenye 1.2× rated voltage kwa solid insulation, na si zaidi ya 100pC kwa air insulation.Inafanyika katika lab fully shielded kutumia Haefely DDX-9101 PD tester na PD-free transformer, ikiwa inazidi limits inamaanisha kuwa kuna voids au defects kwenye insulation. Ninafanya PD tests kwenye new solid-insulated switches kabla ya commissioning ili kuhakikisha quality.

IV. Uji wa Special Environment Adaptability
(1) Uji wa Mazingira ya Juu

Kulingana na GB/T 20626.1-2017, ninabadilisha insulation levels kulingana na mtaa: G2 (1000-2000m), G2.5 (2000-2500m), G3 (2500-3000m), G4 (3000-4000m), G5 (4000-5000m).Wakati wa uji katika mazingira ya simulated altitude (mfano, 80kPa kwa 2000m), ninathibitisha electrical clearances (ongeza 7% kwa kila 1000m) na creep distances (ongeza 25% kwa pollution level 3). PD testing katika simulation inapaswa si zaidi ya 10pC ili kupunguza corona aging under low pressure.

(2) Uji wa Mazingira ya Baridi Sana

Kwa eneo baridi, ninafanya uji wa low-temperature insulation resistance (-40°C: main circuit ≥0.4MΩ, auxiliary circuit ≥1MΩ) na operational performance.Kwenye -40°C, ninathibitisha opening/closing voltage na synchronism, kutathmini jamming ya mifumo. Uthibitishaji wa baridi kila quarter inapendekezwa kwa switches zinazotumika kwa muda mrefu katika mazingira ya baridi.

(3) Uji wa Mazingira ya Dusti Kubwa

Ninafanya IP54+ protection kulingana na GB/T 4208 kutumia GD-1000 sand-dust chamber (test wa masaa 8) na kutathmini heat dissipation kwa kutumia infrared thermal imager (temperature rise ≤50K under full load).Tri-monthly tests zinapendekezwa kutoa dust na kurudia aging seals.

(4) Uji wa Mazingira ya Salt Spray ya Coast

Kulingana na ISO 9227, ninafanya CASS (48h, 50°C, pH3.1-3.3) au neutral salt spray (480h) tests, basi ninathibitisha corrosion. Tightness inathibitishwa kwa kutumia pressure decay (≤10% drop in 24h) au helium mass spectrometry.Uthibitishaji wa mwaka unaopendekezwa kwa switches za coast.

(5) Uji wa Mazingira ya Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) ya Industrial

Ninafanya EMC compatibility tests kulingana na GB/T 17626.2 (ESD ±8kV), GB/T 17626.3 (radiated immunity 10V/m), na GB/T 17626.12 (damped oscillating magnetic field 200A/m).

Kwa EMI ya high-frequency, ninafanya uji wa bands 3MHz, 10MHz, na 30MHz kulingana na IEC 61000-4-18, kutathmini bit error rate (≤10⁻⁶) na shielded cable grounding resistance (≤0.5Ω). Semi-annual EMC tests zinapendekezwa kwa mazingira zinazotumia EMI sana.

(6) Uthibitishaji wa Integrated Scenario ya Photovoltaic-Storage-Charging

Ninatumia protocol analyzer (mfano, Wireshark) kutathmini compatibility kati ya energy storage PCS na charging piles (mfano, Modbus RTU). Dynamic load response tests simulante full-load operation ya PV, storage, na charging kutathmini overload capability (120% rated current) na protection timing (PV inverter & PCS trip time difference ≤5ms).

V. Tools na Equipment za Uji
(1) Loop Resistance Tester

Harmonic distortion (THD≤5%) na voltage fluctuation (≤2%) inamalizwa kwenye point of common coupling kutumia APView400. Tri-monthly tests zinapendekezwa kwa integrated scenarios.

Models kama SW-100A na SW-2000 hutumia DC voltage drop method na current 100A+, wenye ≤0.1% error kwa measurements precise. Ninahakikisha fixture inafanya majukumu bora na ninachagua ranges sahihi kwa kiwango tofauti cha current.

(2) Mechanical Characteristic Tester

Devices kama SWT11 na MOEORW-5180 hutathmini opening/closing speed, synchronism, na contact pressure wenye ≤1% error. Kwa switches zenye arcing contacts, ninachagua signal points kwa makini ili kuevita mishtara, kudumisha sensor vertical kwa switch body.

(3) SF6 Gas Detector

Models kama GD-3000 na SF6 purity testers hutathmini humidity (±5% accuracy), purity (±0.5%), na pressure (±0.1%). Ninatumia dedicated sampling tubes kuhakikisha representative gas samples kwa semi-annual testing.

(4) Partial Discharge Detector

High-sensitivity (1pC) testers kama Haefely DDX-9101 na Siemens PD160 hutumika katika labs fully shielded na PD-free transformers kwa pre-commissioning tests kwenye new solid-insulated switches.