Quae probationes pro commutatoribus oneris faciendae sunt
Quam technicum cum annorum experientia in loco testibus electricitatis, intellego gravitatem et complexitatem testandi commutatores oneris. Subter, coniuncta cum operis experientia, elaboro de toto processu testandi commutatores oneris, ab itemmatibus et methodis ad instrumenta et specificationes procedendi.
I. Testatio Habitualis Praestantiae Electricae
(1) Test Ratio Circuitus Clausi
Ratio circuitus clausi est indicium principale pro aestimanda conductivitate commutatoris oneris. Stricta sequar normas GB/T 3804 et GB 1984, utendo methodo decrescentis tensionis DC cum currente testi non minor quam 100A. Pro commutatoribus oneris 10kV, valores standard variare secundum ratingem currentis: ≤50μΩ ad 630A et ≤20μΩ ad 3150A.
In testando, utar SW-100A tester specifico circuitus clausi et diligenter inspicio ut fixture testi bene contigat contactibus. Resultatum testi non debet excedere 120% valoris ex fabrica; si excedit, indicat contactum malum vel damnum mechanicum. Semper testes facio quando temperaturae stabiles sunt, ut vitetur imprecisiones ex subitaneis mutationibus temperaturarum.
(2) Test Tolerantiae Tensionis Frequenciae Potentiae
Hic test verificat fortitudinem insulationis commutatorum oneris. Pro commutatoribus 10kV, applico 42kV/1min inter phases et ad terram, et 48kV/1min trans rumptrix, cum correntia defluxus ≤0.5mA.
Pro commutatoribus 24kV in altioribus locis, tolerantia tensionis adaptatur per altitudinem (7% incrementum in clearance electrica per 1000m). Utens WGD-40kV tester tolerantiae tensionis, assevero ut waveform testi stabilis sit. Si ruptura vel flashover accidit, statim testationem desino ut repara detegam defectus insulationis.
(3) Test Rupturae Currens Activa Onus
Hic test aestimat capacitatem rupturae commutatorum oneris secundum GB/T 3804. Facio test sub conditionibus onus activi nominatis, saepe ad 100% currens nominatus (exempli gratia, 630A).
In testando, monitor TRV (transient recovery voltage) culmen et tempora coordinata ut certificem se satisfaciant designis requirementibus. Pro commutatoribus E1-class (vita mechanica ≥100,000 cycles), decem tests rupture requiruntur; E2 (≥300,000 cycles) et E3 (≥1,000,000 cycles) requirunt viginti tests. Haec resultata essentia sunt pro aestimanda praestantia operativa longinqua.
II. Testatio Conditionis Mechanicae
(1) Test Vitae Mechanicae
Vita mechanica est indicium principale pro fide longinqua, classificata ut M1 (≥100,000 cycles) et M2 (≥300,000 cycles) secundum GB/T 3804.
Facio operationes sine onus aperturas/clausuras et utens SWT11 tester characteristicarum mechanicarum recordor parametrorum ut temporis operationis, itineris, et velocitatis usque ad obstruendum vel motum anormalem. Pro commutatoribus frequentiter operatis, recommendo semestriales tests vitae mechanicam ad aestimandum remanentiam vitae servitii.
(2) Test Synchronismi Aperturae/Clausurae
Synchronismus est criticus pro fide triplex switch. Secundum GB 1984-2003, synchronismus aperturae debet esse ≤1/6 cyclo frequenciae nominatae (3.3ms ad 50Hz), et synchronismus clausurae ≤1/4 cycle (5ms).
Utens tester mechanicarum characteristicarum high-precision, recordor differentiam temporis operationum contactuum triplex. Pro commutatoribus cum contactibus arcu, diligenter distinguo signa contactuum principali et arcu ut vitetur misjudicium. Si resultata excedunt standards, regulo vel substituo componentes in mechanismo operationis.
(3) Test Pressionis Contactuum et Usurae
Pressio contactuum et usura directe afficiunt conductivitatem. Conventionalis pressio contactuum commutatorum oneris est typice ~200N, varians per typum: commutatores inserti (exempli gratia, GW4, GW5) ≥130N per digitum, commutatores clamps (exempli gratia, GW6, GW16) ≥300N, et commutatores clapper (exempli gratia, GN2 series) ≥200N.
Utens ZSKC-9000 tester pressionis contactuum, metior pressionem contactuum cuiusque digiti per simulatos sensus contactuum. Inspecto etiam usuram: pro commutatoribus vacuum, notae usurae contactuum mobilium non debent excedere 3mm, aut substitutio necessaria est. Comparans resultata testi cum recordis ex fabrica, substituo contactus si pressio decidit >20% vel usura excedit limites.
III. Testatio Praestantiae Insulationis
(1) Test Resistentiae Insulationis
Hic fundamentalis test utitur 2500V megohmmeter ad mensurandum inter-phase et ground insulation resistance (≥1000MΩ) et resistentiam circuitus auxiliaris (≥1MΩ pro commutatoribus SF6).Assevero ut commutator apertus et isolatus sit a systemate in testando. Si resistentia insulationis decidit ad <75% valoris initialis, suspecto humiditatem vel senectutem et facio ulteriora inspectiones. Tests resistentiae facio ante et post test tolerantiae tensionis—si resultata differunt >30%, indicant defectus insulationis.
(2) Test Insulationis Gas SF6
Pro commutatoribus SF6, testo humiditatem gas (≤150μL/L in camera arcus, ≤300μL/L alibi), puritas (≥97%), et tighness (≤10% decrementum pressure per 24h) utens GD-3000 detector et spectrometer infrared.Resultata non conformantia indicant leakage vel contamination, requirunt actionem immediatam. Recommendo semestriales tests gas pro commutatoribus SF6 in service ut maneat stabilis insulation.
(3) Test Partial Discharge (PD) pro Insulatione Solida
Hic test epoxy et alia solid insulation secundum GB/T 3906-2020: PD debet esse ≤20pC ad 1.2× rated voltage pro insulatione solida, et ≤100pC pro insulatione aeris.Conductus in laboratorio totaliter shielded utens Haefely DDX-9101 PD tester cum transformer PD-free, excedentia limites indicant voids vel defectus in insulation. Facio PD tests novis commutatoribus solid-insulated ante commissionem ut asseverem qualitatem.
IV. Special Environment Adaptability Testing
(1) High-Altitude Environment Test
Secundum GB/T 20626.1-2017, adapto niveles insulationis pro altitudine: G2 (1000-2000m), G2.5 (2000-2500m), G3 (2500-3000m), G4 (3000-4000m), G5 (4000-5000m).Testando in environmente simili altitudini (exempli gratia, 80kPa pro 2000m), verifico clearance electrica (7% incrementum per 1000m) et distances creep (25% incrementum pro pollution level 3). PD testing in simulation requires ≤10pC to prevent corona aging under low pressure.
(2) Extreme Cold Environment Test
Pro regionibus frigidis, testo insulation resistance (-40°C: circuitus principalis ≥0.4MΩ, circuitus auxiliaris ≥1MΩ) et praestantiam operationalis.Ad -40°C, verifico voltages aperturae/clausurae et synchronism, inspectans pro obstructione mechanica. Quater annui tests frigidi recommendo pro commutatoribus in long-term cold environments.
(3) High-Dust Environment Test
Testo protectionem IP54+ secundum GB/T 4208 utens GD-1000 sand-dust chamber (test 8-hour) et monitor heat dissipation with an infrared thermal imager (temperature rise ≤50K under full load).Tri-monthly tests are advised to clean dust and replace aging seals.
(4) Coastal Salt Spray Environment Test
Following ISO 9227, I conduct CASS (48h, 50°C, pH3.1-3.3) or neutral salt spray (480h) tests, then inspect for corrosion. Tightness is verified via pressure decay (≤10% drop in 24h) or helium mass spectrometry.Annual testing is recommended for coastal switches.
(5) Industrial Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) Environment Test
I perform EMC compatibility tests per GB/T 17626.2 (ESD ±8kV), GB/T 17626.3 (radiated immunity 10V/m), and GB/T 17626.12 (damped oscillating magnetic field 200A/m).
For high-frequency EMI, I test 3MHz, 10MHz, and 30MHz bands per IEC 61000-4-18, verifying bit error rate (≤10⁻⁶) and shielded cable grounding resistance (≤0.5Ω). Semi-annual EMC tests are advised for EMI-heavy environments.
(6) Photovoltaic-Storage-Charging Integrated Scenario Test
I use a protocol analyzer (e.g., Wireshark) to verify compatibility between energy storage PCS and charging piles (e.g., Modbus RTU). Dynamic load response tests simulate full-load operation of PV, storage, and charging to assess overload capability (120% rated current) and protection timing (PV inverter & PCS trip time difference ≤5ms).
V. Testing Tools and Equipment
(1) Loop Resistance Tester
Harmonic distortion (THD≤5%) and voltage fluctuation (≤2%) are measured at the point of common coupling using an APView400. Quarterly tests are recommended for integrated scenarios.
Models like SW-100A and SW-2000 use the DC voltage drop method with 100A+ current, featuring ≤0.1% error for precise measurements. I ensure tight fixture contact and select appropriate ranges for different current ratings.
(2) Mechanical Characteristic Tester
Devices like SWT11 and MOEORW-5180 measure opening/closing speed, synchronism, and contact pressure with ≤1% error. For switches with arcing contacts, I distinguish signal points to avoid misjudgment, keeping the sensor vertical to the switch body.
(3) SF6 Gas Detector
Models such as GD-3000 and SF6 purity testers measure humidity (±5% accuracy), purity (±0.5%), and pressure (±0.1%). I use dedicated sampling tubes to ensure representative gas samples for semi-annual testing.
(4) Partial Discharge Detector
High-sensitivity (1pC) testers like Haefely DDX-9101 and Siemens PD160 are used in shielded labs with PD-free transformers for pre-commissioning tests on new solid-insulated switches.
