Tahalilu da Ayyuka na Yadda Kisan Kirkiro 145kV Ta Gane

1. Girmanci

Indonesia na tsaunukan jiki, 145kV high voltage disconnect switches (HVDs) suna da muhimmancin wajen inganta cikakken tsarin tasirin jiki a kasar. Amma, abubuwan da ba suka shiga kuma babu karfi suna da alamar yadda za su iya zama lafiya ga tsaunukan jiki. Wannan makaltaccen ya gudanar da 145kV HVD maloperation a Indonesia, ana tafi shawar da dalilai na musamman da ke nuna bayanan gwaji da kuma tushen baya don inganta cikakken rayuwarsa, inda ana yi nasara da IP66 protection standards da IEC 60068-3-3 compliance.

2. Tarihin Abubuwa a Indonesia

A Maris 2024, 145kV disconnect switch a substation ta Java Island ta fara ne a lokacin da an yi hukumomin adadin kula na rike, wanda ya haɗa a matsayin yanayin abubuwan masu kananan jiki. Wannan abubuwan ta fara ne a substation na kasa kusan Surabaya, inda ingantaccen IP66-rated enclosure ta da kyau da suka samu tsarin karkashin sama. An yi hukumomin adadin kula na rike ta fara ne ta kula 120,000 darasi da kuma 30MW load shed, inda cost of repair ta shafi $800,000. Bayanan abubuwan ta shafi cewa mafarin cikakken al'adu da kuma maƙasucin control system su ne dalilai masu muhimmanci.

3. Tafi shawar da Dalilai Na Musamman
3.1 Control System Vulnerabilities
3.1.1 Parasitic Circuit Induction

DC control circuit na switch ta da ground daban-daban da lightning protection system na substation, wanda akwai a matsayin nasarorin takaitaccen a 20% na 145kV substations na Indonesia (2023 PLN report). A lokacin da an yi hukumomin adadin kula na rike, transient overvoltages ta shafi 12V DC spikes a control wiring, wanda ta shafi opening relay na switch ta fara ne. Maimakon wannan abubuwan a Bali a 2022, inda ground loops ta shafi 145kV HVD misoperation, wannan case ta shafi cewa akwai cikakken tsari da ba da kyau bayan control da protection circuits.

3.1.2 Relay Aging

Electromagnetic relay na switch, wanda ana taka 100,000 operations, ta yi 150,000 cycles bila mai girma. Insulation breakdown a relay coil, wanda ake shahara a post-fault autopsy, ta shafi arcing wanda ta kusa fata contacts na normally open. IEC 60068-3-3 thermal cycling tests ta shafi cewa epoxy insulation na relay ta zama da cikakken tsari a >60°C, wanda shine temperature na mara a switchyards na Indonesia da ba da airconditioning.

3.2 Environmental Degradation
3.2.1 IP66 Seal Failure

Ba sai dai IP66 certification, EPDM gasket na switch ta shafi 3mm cracks, wanda ta shafi salt mist ingress. Coastal air a East Java ta da chloride ions 0.05mg/m³, wanda ta shafi corrosion. SEM analysis na gasket ta shafi ozone cracking, wanda ta shafi prolonged exposure to UV radiation (annual UV index >12) da humidity >85%. Wannan ta shafi cewa dust/water protection na enclosure ta zama da cikakken tsari, inda internal components ta shafi 0.2mm rust deposits on copper contacts.

3.2.2 Moisture-induced Insulation Degradation

High humidity (90% RH average) ta shafi condensation a composite insulator na switch, wanda ta shafi surface resistivity ta shafi 10¹²Ω to 10⁸Ω. Partial discharge (PD) monitoring data ta shafi PD activity ta shafi 5pC to 25pC a shekaru 6, wanda shine precursor to flashover. Hydrophobic coating na insulator, wanda ta da IEC 60068-3-3, ta shafi effectiveness ta shafi baya a shekaru 3 a tropical conditions, wanda ta shafi water films.

3.3 Maintenance Deficiencies
3.3.1 Inadequate Lubrication

Mechanical linkage na switch ta da silicone grease (NLGI Grade 2) da cikakken tsari, wanda ta shafi 15% increased friction a operating mechanism. Temperature sensors ta shafi 40°C hotter than baseline a pivot joints, wanda ta shafi stick-slip motion wanda ta shafi mechanical shocks, wanda ta shafi normal opening commands. Wannan ta shafi PLN's 2024 report showing 43% of 145kV HVD maloperations relate to neglected lubrication.

3.3.2 Delayed Sensor Calibration

Contact resistance sensor na switch, wanda ana taka ±10μΩ, bai da aka verify for 18 months. Actual accuracy ta shafi ±35μΩ, wanda ta shafi 120μΩ contact degradation (critical threshold: 150μΩ). Wannan delays in calibration suna da muhimmanci a remote Indonesian substations, inda 37% of 145kV HVDs lack scheduled maintenance due to logistical challenges.

4. Comprehensive Countermeasures
4.1 Control System Redesign
4.1.1 Isolated Grounding Architecture

Implement a star grounding system for 145kV HVD control circuits, separating them from lightning protection grounds by 5m. Install 1000V isolation transformers on control power feeds, as demonstrated in a 2023 case study in Medan that reduced transient-induced maloperations by 92%.

4.1.2 Solid-State Relay Upgrade

Replace electromagnetic relays with IEC 60950-certified solid-state relays (SSR) rated for 10⁷ operations. SSRs in a Semarang pilot project showed zero voltage spikes and 50% faster switching times, eliminating arcing risks in humid environments.

4.2 Environmental Resilience Enhancement
4.2.1 IP66 Seal System Overhaul

• Gasket Replacement: Use fluoroelastomer (FKM) gaskets with 200°C temperature resistance, 300% elongation, and UV stabilizers, meeting IEC 60068-3-3's tropical climate annex.

• Drainage Modification: Add 12mm weep holes with anti-insect screens to switch enclosures, reducing water pooling. A Jakarta trial showed this reduced internal humidity from 85% to 55% within 24 hours.

4.2.2 Advanced Insulation Solutions

• Superhydrophobic Coating: Apply aerosol - based SiO₂ coatings (contact angle >150°) to insulators, extending hydrophobicity from 3 to 7 years. Field tests in Bali reduced PD activity by 80%.

• Dehumidifier Integration: Install Peltier - effect dehumidifiers (3L/day capacity) in enclosures, maintaining <40% RH. A Sulawesi substation saw contact resistance stability improve by 65% post - installation.

4.3 Predictive Maintenance Optimization
4.3.1 IoT - Enabled Monitoring

Deploy a 4G - enabled sensor network measuring:

• Contact resistance (0.1&mu;&Omega; resolution)

• Mechanism vibration (100Hz - 10kHz bandwidth)

• Enclosure humidity/temperature (&plusmn;1% RH, &plusmn;0.5&deg;C)

Data is analyzed via a cloud - based AI platform (accuracy 94%) that predicts failures 72 hours in advance, as proven in a Papua pilot project that cut unplanned outages by 85%.

4.3.2 Regionalized Maintenance Schedules

Develop climate - based maintenance plans:

5. Technical and Economic Impact
5.1 Reliability Metrics Improvement

• MTBF Increase: From 12,000 hours to 45,000 hours post - intervention, exceeding IEC 62271 - 102's target.

• Fault Detection Time: Reduced from 4 hours to 15 minutes via real - time IoT monitoring.

5.2 Cost - Benefit Analysis

• Initial Investment: $500,000 for a 10 - switch substation in Indonesia

• 5 - Year Savings: $2.3 million from:

• 75% reduction in maintenance labor

• 90% decrease in equipment replacement costs

• 88% minimization of downtime losses

6. Kammala

Wannan 145kV disconnect switch maloperation a Indonesia ta shafi cewa an bukata da hanyoyin tushen baya don inganta cikakken control system vulnerabilities, environmental degradation, da kuma maintenance gaps. Ta hanyar implement IP66 - enhanced enclosures, IEC 60068 - 3 - 3 - compliant components, da kuma IoT - driven predictive maintenance, 145kV grid na Indonesia zai iya samu reliability metrics na gaskiya da global standards. Wannan hanyoyin ta shafi cewa an bukata da maloperation risks, amma kuma an bukata da goal na kasar don resilient, smart power infrastructure wanda zai iya inganta rising energy demands a tropical environments.