Anailís agus Cóntairbí do Sheansheomar Neamhchruinn Scoiltín 145kV

1. Íntreodúchán

I scéimeanna fhuinnimh na hIndinéise, tá comhdhlúithíocht ar airde 145kV (HVDs) ríthábhachtach chun ionsaíocht a chothú i dtreo gach uile áit ar an t-archipelagic terráin. Ach, d'fhéadfadh imnídhí dhíchúis a bheith ina bhfeachtas suntasaí don ionsaíocht. Scrúdaíonn an alt seo maloperation HVD 145kV in ionradh Indinéiseach, ag anailís a chur ar fáil faoi fhuinnimh bunúsach agus moltaí a dhéanamh le linn a mheastachán ar IP66 cosaint stándair agus IEC 60068-3-3 a chomhlíonadh chun sábháilteacht oibriúcháin a fheabhsú.

2. Forbairt an Imeirce san Indinés

I Márta 2024, d'oscail comhdhlúithiúcht 145kV in ionradh ar Oileán Java go neamhairdneach le linn aistriú laighe réadúil, ag spreagadh seol deilgí cosanta. Tarlaí an imeireacht i n-ionradh cósta ar luach Surabaya, áit a raibh clúdach IP66-rátáil an comhdhlúithiúchta deartha go teoiriciúil chun coinní a ndul chun cinn in aghaidh codanna trópaiceacha. D'fhorbair an oscailt neamhairdneach brú ar fhuinnimh do 120,000 tithe agus d'fheidhmigh sé a laghdú 30MW, le costais deisiú ag meastú níos mó ná $800,000. D'fheabhsú anailís tar éis an imeirce gur roinnt de shaotharlú comhshaoil agus loingseoireachta controlla a bhí mar phríomhfhuinnimh.

3. Anailís Bunúsach Fuinnimh
3.1 Fhuinnimh Controlla Loingseoireachta
3.1.1 Induction Circuit Parasitic

Roinneadh talamh comhthéarnach idir circuit controlla DC an comhdhlúithiúchta agus córas cosainta foltchainn an ionraí, fuinnimh deartha a aithnigí sa 20% de ionradh Indinéiseach 145kV (tuarascáil PLN 2023). Le linn toirneachta gaitearach, d'fhoilsigh overvoltages transients spíoc 12V DC sa chábail controlla, ag gníomhú mar a mbeadh an relay oscailte an comhdhlúithiúchta. Mar shampla, i 2022 i Bali, áit a rinne ground loops maloperation 145kV HVD, léirigh an cás seo nach raibh aon isolaíocht réasúnta idir circuits controlla agus cosainta.

3.1.2 Seochnú Relays

Bhí an relay electromagnectic an comhdhlúithiúchta, a raibh ráite 100,000 oibríochta, tar éis 150,000 ciorcal gan athsholáthar. Briseadh insuláid sa coil an relay, a aithnigí trí autopsy tar éis an fault, a lig arcadh a chumasaí ar contacta forleata. Rinneadh trialacha IEC 60068-3-3 thermal cycling níos déanaí chun dearbhú gur dhearbadh an insuláid epoxy an relay ag >60°C, teocht coitianta i switchyards Indinéiseacha nach raibh aireachtaí aerach orthu.

3.2 Deorú Comhshaoil
3.2.1 Failiú Seal IP66

Cé go raibh certifícíocht IP66, bhí craobh 3mm ar EPDM gasket an comhdhlúithiúchta, ag cheadú isteach salt mist. Tá chloride ions 0.05mg/m³ i ngné East Java, ag spreagadh caorthaidh. Rinne SEM analysis ar an gasket chun crac ozone a aimsiú, toradh ar fhorlorg iarndrúchta UV (meán index UV >12) agus humidity >85%. Chuir sin isteach ar dust/water protection an enclosúr, agus bhí rust deposits 0.2mm ar contacta cupra.

3.2.2 Sábháilteacht Insulation Tábhachtach

D'fheic thábhachtacht humidity (90% RH meán) condensation ar composite insulator an comhdhlúithiúchta, ag laghdú resistivity surface ó 10¹²Ω go 10⁸Ω. Rinne PD monitoring data measúnú ar PD activity, ag dul ó 5pC go 25pC le linn seis mhí, mar chomharb ar flashover. Bhí hydrophobic coating an insulator, a raibh sé ina chomhlíonadh le IEC 60068-3-3, ag teacht as éifeacht tar éis trí bliana in aghaidh codanna trópaiceacha, agus d'éagóir é ar water films.

3.3 Fhuinnimh Cosainta
3.3.1 Grease Inadequate

Bhí greese silicone (NLGI Grade 2) insasta ag linkage mechanical an comhdhlúithiúchta, ag cur 15% fricition breise ar an mécanamh oibre. Rinne temperature sensors measúnú 40°C níos te ná baseline ag pivot joints, ag creideadh stick-slip motion a chumasaí ar shocks mechanical, ag maslú do ordú oibriú normálta. Is é seo a chloíonn le tuarascáil PLN 2024 a léiríonn go bhfuil 43% de 145kV HVD maloperations ceangailte le lubrication neglected.

3.3.2 Delayed Sensor Calibration

Níor dearbhaí sensor contact resistance an comhdhlúithiúchta, a raibh sé calibrate ag ±10μΩ, le 18 mí. Drifted accuracy go ±35μΩ, ag maskáil 120μΩ contact degradation (critical threshold: 150μΩ). Tá delays chalibration seo coitianta i n-ionradh Indinéiseacha, áit a bhfuil 37% de 145kV HVDs gan maintenance scheduled de bharr dúshláin logistiúla.

4. Countermeasures Comprehensive
4.1 Redesign Control System
4.1.1 Grounding Architecture Isolated

Cuir star grounding system i bhfeidhm do 145kV HVD control circuits, ag scarú iad ó grounds lightning protection le 5m. Suirí 1000V isolation transformers ar control power feeds, mar shampla i 2023 case study i Medan a laghdú transient-induced maloperations le 92%.

4.1.2 Solid-State Relay Upgrade

Athraigh electromagnetic relays le solid-state relays (SSR) IEC 60950-certified rated do 10⁷ operations. SSRs i Semarang pilot project níos déanaí níos tapúla 50% agus zero voltage spikes, ag diúltú arcing risks i n-aerúil.

4.2 Environmental Resilience Enhancement
4.2.1 IP66 Seal System Overhaul

• Gasket Replacement: Úsáid fluoroelastomer (FKM) gaskets le 200°C temperature resistance, 300% elongation, agus UV stabilizers, a chomhlíonann IEC 60068-3-3's tropical climate annex.

• Drainage Modification: Cuir 12mm weep holes le anti-insect screens chuig enclosures an comhdhlúithiúchta, ag laghdú pooling water. Rinne triail i Jakarta léiriú go laghdú internal humidity ó 85% go 55% laistigh de 24 hours.

4.2.2 Advanced Insulation Solutions

• Superhydrophobic Coating: Apply aerosol - based SiO₂ coatings (contact angle >150°) to insulators, extending hydrophobicity from 3 to 7 years. Field tests in Bali reduced PD activity by 80%.

• Dehumidifier Integration: Install Peltier - effect dehumidifiers (3L/day capacity) in enclosures, maintaining <40% RH. A Sulawesi substation saw contact resistance stability improve by 65% post - installation.

4.3 Predictive Maintenance Optimization
4.3.1 IoT - Enabled Monitoring

Deploy a 4G - enabled sensor network measuring:

• Contact resistance (0.1&mu;&Omega; resolution)

• Mechanism vibration (100Hz - 10kHz bandwidth)

• Enclosure humidity/temperature (&plusmn;1% RH, &plusmn;0.5°C)

Data is analyzed via a cloud - based AI platform (accuracy 94%) that predicts failures 72 hours in advance, as proven in a Papua pilot project that cut unplanned outages by 85%.

4.3.2 Regionalized Maintenance Schedules

Develop climate - based maintenance plans:

5. Technical and Economic Impact
5.1 Reliability Metrics Improvement

• MTBF Increase: From 12,000 hours to 45,000 hours post - intervention, exceeding IEC 62271 - 102's target.

• Fault Detection Time: Reduced from 4 hours to 15 minutes via real - time IoT monitoring.

5.2 Cost - Benefit Analysis

• Initial Investment: $500,000 for a 10 - switch substation in Indonesia

• 5 - Year Savings: $2.3 million from:

• 75% reduction in maintenance labor

• 90% decrease in equipment replacement costs

• 88% minimization of downtime losses

6. Conclusion

The 145kV disconnect switch maloperation in Indonesia underscores the need for integrated solutions addressing control system vulnerabilities, environmental degradation, and maintenance gaps. By implementing IP66 - enhanced enclosures, IEC 60068 - 3 - 3 - compliant components, and IoT - driven predictive maintenance, Indonesia's 145kV grid can achieve reliability metrics on par with global standards. This approach not only mitigates maloperation risks but also supports the country's goal of a resilient, smart power infrastructure capable of meeting rising energy demands in tropical environments.