Daga cikin farkon da ke faruwa a kan short circuit da overload shine wani ya faruwa saboda abu mai zurfi a kan masana (line-to-line) ko kuma a kan masana da tsakiya (line-to-ground), amma overload na nufin yanayi inda zafi yake fitar da fadada mai yawa daga tashar rarraba.
Wasu muhimmanci farkon bayanin bi suna nuna a bangaren bayanai da aka faɗa ta hagu.
Kalmomin "overload" yana nufin yanayi inda wurare ko zafi mai girma. Wurara yana kasance da overload idan adadin zafi yake fiye da fadada mai yawa da ake gina shi. Overloads suna faruwa saboda nasarorin zafi ko kuma tsarin wurara mai zurfi. Amma, yanayin short-circuit yana faruwa idan masanoyin mai sauƙi suka haɗa a kan baka, ko kuma idan kayan masanoyi a kan masanoyi suka yali. A lokacin short circuit, resistance yana zama daidai zero, wanda yake saukar da current mai yawa mafi yawa da za a yi a kan wurare.
Takardun Short Circuit
Short circuit yana nufin abu mai zurfi a kan wurara wanda yake iya sauki da current a kan wurare mai yawa da resistance mai yawa (ko kuma mai ba da). Wannan yana saukar da surge mai yawa da za su iya yawan kayan wurara da kuma zafi. Short circuits suna faruwa idan masanoyin mai sauƙi suka haɗa a kan baka, ko kuma idan kayan masanoyi a kan masanoyi suka yali.
Fadada short-circuit current yana iya zama daidai miliyan ga fadada current na gudummawa. A cikin fault point, voltage yana zama daidai zero, amma current mai yawa yana sauki a kan wurare.
Short circuits suna da wasu abubuwa mai zurfi a wurare, ciki har da:
Heat generation mai yawa: Fault current mai yawa yana sauki da heat mai yawa, wanda yana iya haifar da karamin hoton ko kuma explosions.
Arcing damage: Arcs electric mai faruwa a kan short circuit yana iya haifar da abubuwa mai zurfi a kan wurare.
System instability: Short circuits su iya haifar da kyau a kan wurare, wanda yana iya haifar da continuity da kuma reliability a kan tashar rarraba.
Takardun Overload
Overload yana faruwa idan adadin zafi mai yawa yake fiye da fadada mai yawa da ake gina wurara ko zafi. A lokacin overload, voltage yana zama daidai amma ba zama daidai zero. Current yana fiye daidai mafi yawa, amma yana zama daidai da current a kan short circuit. Current mai yawa wannan yana sauki da heat mai yawa, kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin Joule’s law (P = I²R), wanda yake sauki da temperature a kan masanoyi da kuma zafi. Wannan overheating yana iya haifar da abubuwa mai zurfi, ciki har da insulation damage, failure of equipment, ko kuma fire hazards.
Overload condition yana iya haifar da abubuwa mai zurfi a kan wurare. Misali, inverter da ake gina shi da 400 watts: idan ake saka 800-watt load a kan shi, zai faruwa overload, wanda yana iya haifar da overheating da kuma failure of equipment.
Muhimmanci Farkon Bayan Short Circuit da Overload
Short circuit yana faruwa idan voltage a cikin fault point yana zama daidai zero, wanda yake saukar da current mai yawa mafi yawa a kan wurare. Amma, overload yana faruwa idan adadin zafi mai yawa yake fiye da fadada mai yawa da ake gina wurara.
A cikin short circuit, voltage a cikin fault location yana zama daidai zero. Amma a cikin overload condition, voltage yana zama daidai saboda demand mai yawa, amma ba zama daidai zero.
A cikin short circuit, resistance of the current path yana zama daidai zero, wanda yake saukar da surge mai yawa. A cikin overload, current yana fiye daidai mafi yawa amma yana zama daidai da short-circuit current.
Short circuit yana faruwa idan masanoyin live (phase) da neutral wires suka haɗa a kan baka saboda insulation failure ko accidental bridging. Amma, overload yana faruwa idan zafi zuwa masu wurare daidai, wanda yake fiye da fadada mai yawa.
Short-circuit current yana samu ne a kan synchronous machines, ciki har da synchronous generators, synchronous motors, da synchronous condensers.
