Fahimtar Tashin Gine na Tashin Kawo Masu Zafi

• Kasafin, ingancin, da kuma alhakin jirgin kasa;
• Zabubbukan sauran hanyoyi na insulation don zububu;
• Tsarin overvoltage;
• Hanyoyi na relay protection;
• Interference masu electromagnetism da line-line communication.

• High-Ground-Fault-Current System: Idan yanayin single-phase-to-ground fault ya faru, ya kasance ground fault current yana zama mafi yawa. Misalai sun haɗa system din 110 kV and above, da kuma 380/220 V three-phase four-wire systems. Ana kiran effectively grounded systems.
• Low-Ground-Fault-Current System: Idan yanayin single-phase ground fault ya faru, ba a yi complete short-circuit loop, kuma fault current yana zama mafi yawa da normal load current. Ana kiran non-effectively grounded systems.

• Solidly grounded neutral
• Neutral grounded through a resistor

• Ungrounded neutral
• Neutral grounded through an arc suppression coil (Petersen coil)

• Idan yanayin single-phase ground fault ya faru, ya kamata tripping immediate ta zabe, kuma ya gaba power supply da kuma ya gaba inganci.
• Short-circuit current mai yawa ya shafi stress electrodynamic da thermal, kuma ya iya gaba damage.
• Magnetic fields mai yawa daga high fault currents ya shafi electromagnetic interference zuwa line-line communication da signaling circuits.
• Idan yanayin single-phase fault, faulted phase voltage ya zama zero, amma unfaulted phase voltages sun zama near normal phase voltage. Saboda haka, insulation na zububu zai iya design don phase voltage only - kuma zai iya reduce cost, musamman a wurare-wurare na voltage mai yawa.

• High-resistance grounding
• Medium-resistance grounding
• Low-resistance grounding

• Enables automatic fault clearance and simplifies operation/maintenance.
• Quickly isolates ground faults, resulting in low overvoltages, elimination of resonant overvoltages, and allowing use of lower-insulation-grade cables and equipment.
• Reduces insulation aging, extends equipment life, and improves reliability.
• Ground fault currents (hundreds of amperes or more) ensure high sensitivity and selectivity of relay protection—no need for complex fault line selection.
• Reduces risk of fire.
• Allows use of gapless ZnO surge arresters with high energy absorption and low residual voltage for overvoltage protection.
• Suppresses 5th harmonic components in arc grounding overvoltages, preventing escalation to phase-to-phase faults.

• High-resistance grounding: Suitable for distribution networks with capacitive ground current <10 A, large generators where single-phase ground current exceeds allowable limits but remains <10 A. Resistance values typically range from hundreds to thousands of ohms.
• Medium- and low-resistance grounding: No strict boundary, but generally:
• Medium resistance: Neutral fault current between 10 A and 100 A
• Low resistance: Neutral fault current >100 A

A haka na amfani da su a sauransu na gida mai yawa da kabluka, tattalin arziki na makaranta, da kuma gabashin aiki masu yawa— inda jama'a mai yawa ne kuma abubuwa masu zamani ba a gano ba.

• Kudin kasa da take kan <10 A; takalmi yana gajarta, da kadan zafiya ya yi nasara ta hanyar.
• Ingantaccen tsakiya an iya daidai; an iya koyar da kudin kasa don in ba da lokacin da aka fi sani da shi.
• Aiki da kisan kula mai kyau.
• Daga cikin mutanen da suka dace da kuma tushen.
• Amma idan kudin kasa mai tsakiya >10 A, tsayi masu kudin kasa mai tsakiya mai tsayi za a iya faru. Wannan tsayi suna da zaman lafiya, suna haɗa da duk al'adu, da kuma suna bari da abubuwa da suka da kadan zafiya mai tsayi—zumunta da na aikinsu. Wannan tsayi suna yi magance da kudin kasa da kudin kasa, da kuma suna haifar da abubuwan da suka da kadan zafiya mai tsayi.
  Tsayi masu kudin kasa mai tsakiya suna daidai da koyar da kudin kasa a cikin abubuwan da suka da kudin kasa (VTs), VT da kudin kasa, ko kuma suna haifar da abubuwan da suka da kudin kasa masu muhimmanci.

• Kudin kasa mai tsakiya daga Petersen Coil ya tabbatar da kudin kasa mai tsakiya, wanda ya koyar da kudin kasa mai tsakiya zuwa <10 A—wanda ya yi nasara ta hanyar.
• Zafiya a cikin kudin kasa za a iya yi nasara ta hanyar.
• Yana koyar da imkanin kudin kasa mai tsakiya da kudin kasa mai tsayi.
• Yana daidai ingantaccen tsakiya a cikin kudin kasa, wanda ya yi nasara ta hanyar don koyar da kudin kasa.
• Amma, yana koyar da imkanin kudin kasa mai tsakiya,—ba a koyar da kudin kasa mai tsakiya—, da kuma ba a koyar da tsayin kudin kasa. Tsayin kudin kasa ya zama da kudin kasa mai tsayi, wanda ya haifar da abubuwan da suka da kadan zafiya mai tsayi—zumunta da na aikinsu, da kuma abubuwan da suka da kudin kasa mai tsayi, wanda za a iya haifar da kudin kasa da kudin kasa, da kuma za a iya haifar da abubuwan da suka da kudin kasa.

• Tsakiyar naka mai tsayi da ke 110 kV ko 220 kV a makarantun hawa suna amfani da tsakiyar naka ta hanyar disconnector (isolator).
• Tsakiyar naka mai tsayi da ke 35 kV a cikin al'adu suna amfani da Petersen Coil ko resistor grounding.
  • Idan al'adu ana amfani da kayan kable, kudin kasa mai tsakiya ya zama da kudin kasa mai tsayi; saboda haka, resistor grounding ya danganta.