چەندین چرخەوی بەسەرەکی کێشە دەربارەی چەندین چرخەوی بە پێشبینی نەکراو هاتووە؟
Cyclotron dê derbasînên serkeftinî yên karanîn çêbik bike bûn, hewce ye ku hêza li qarîba pargîn da ku ji bohera birîdar bi magnetic field û taybetmendiyên cîrxa ya birîdar bi magnetic field bînin.
Herêmek li qarîba pargîn da ku ji bohera birîdar bi magnetic field
Gava qarîba pargîn da ku ji bohera birîdar bi conductor de metre L da ku bi amperiya I da werger e di magnetic field de ku flux density B Weber per metre square be, ew herêmek yâ herêmek magnetîk ku li ser qarîba pargîn da werkerd e
Huna, ên N jimar da mobile free electrons a niha di conductor de metre L da ku bi amperiya I da werger e.
Ji ber ku, e electric charge of one electron e û 1.6 × 10-19 coulomb e.
Huna ji equation (1) û (2) we get
Lê, N jimar da electrons a niha bi amperiya I da werger e, û hesab bikin ku wan metre L da t dema werger e, belî drift velocity electrons a niha be
Ji equation (3) û (4), we get
Ew herêmek ku li ser N jimar da electrons a niha di magnetic field de werkerd e, belî herêmek li ser yek electron da niha di magnetic field de werkerd e be
Taybetmendiyên cîrxa ya birîdar bi magnetic field
Gava birîdar bi magnetic field de hereke, du şertên ekstrem da ne. Birîdar bi magnetic field de hereke û ya ji bohera magnetic field re.
Gava birîdar bi axis da direction of magnetic field de hereke, herêmek magnetîk ku li ser w werkerd e,
Belî herêmek nabe ku li ser birîdar werkerd e, belî biguhereşîna birîdar nabe û belî li ser xeta çêbik bike bûn.
Huna, gava birîdar bi perpendicular to the magnetic field de hereke, biguhereşîna birîdar nabe. Ji ber ku herêmek ku li ser birîdar werkerd e perpendicular to the motion of the particle e, belî herêmek work nake ku li ser birîdar werkerd e, belî biguhereşîna birîdar nabe.
Bêyî, ev herêmek ku li ser birîdar werkerd e perpendicular to its motion e û direction of the motion of the particle change continuously. Belî birîdar di field de li ser path of a circular path of a constant radius with constant speed hereke.
Ji ber ku radius of the circular motion R metre be
Huna,
Belî radius of the motion depends upon the velocity of the motion.
Angular speed and time period are constant.
Principles of Cyclotron
Ev concept of motion of charged particle in a magnetic field was successfully employed in an apparatus called cyclotron. Conceptually this device is very simple but it has huge uses in the field of engineering, physics and medicine. This is a charged particle accelerating device. The motion of the charged particle under perpendicular magnetic field is solely applied in the apparatus named cyclotron.
Construction of Cyclotron
This device basically has three main constructional parts
Large sized electromagnet to create uniform magnetic field in between its two face-to-face placed magnetic opposite poles.
Two low height hollow half cylinders made of high conductive metals. These components of cyclotron are called Dees.
A high-frequency alternating high voltage source.
Constructional Details
The Dees are placed face to face in between the electromagnetic poles. The dees are so placed, that the straight edge will be face-to-face with small gap between them. Also the magnetic flux of the electromagnet cut these Dees exact perpendicularly. Now these two Dees are connected to two terminals of an alternating voltage source so that if one Dees is in the positive potential than other will be in exact opposite negative potential at same time. As the source is alternating the potential of the Dees are altered according to the frequency of the source. Now if a charged particle is thrown from a point near to the centre of one Dees with certain velocity V1. As the movement of the particle now perpendicular to the externally applied magnetic field, there will be no change of velocity but the charged particle will follow a circular path of radius
Where, m gram is the mass and q coulomb is the charge of the thrown particle and B Weber/metre2 is the flux density of externally applied perpendicular magnetic field.
After travelling π radians or 180o with radius R1 the charged particle comes to the edge of the Dee. Now the time period and frequency of the applied voltage source is so adjusted with the time period of circular motion that is
That the polarity of the other Dee becomes opposite that of the charged of the particle. Hence due to attraction of the Dee ahead the moving particle and also due to repulsion of the Dee in which the particle is now situated, the particle gets extra kinetic energy.
Where ν1 is the velocity of the particle at previous Dee and ν
