Free Expert Guides on Power Systems, Circuit Design & Electrical Troubleshooting

Copper loss, also known as I²R loss, occurs in the winding of an autotransformer just as it does in other types of transformers. This loss arises due to the resistance of the copper conductors in the windings. When current flows through the winding, electrical energy is converted into heat as a result of this resistance.In an autotransformer, which uses a single winding for both primary and secondary functions, copper loss is still present. The copper loss is calculated using the formul

Transformer Connection DesignationsThe transformer connection designation indicates the winding connection method and the phase relationship between the line voltages of the primary and secondary windings. It consists of two parts: letters and a number. The letters on the left denote the connection configurations of the high-voltage and low-voltage windings, while the number on the right is an integer from 0 to 11.This number represents the phase shift of the low-voltage winding's line voltage r

Regulator Operating Procedures PurposeA regulator is a critical device used to control the pressure of gases or liquids, widely applied in industrial production and laboratory environments. This procedure aims to standardize the operation of regulators to ensure safety, accuracy, and efficiency. Pre-Operation Preparation Confirm that operators have received appropriate training and are familiar with the basic principles and operational procedures of the regulator. Inspect the regulator&rsquo

What are the types of power transformers, and what are their main components?Power transformers are available in various types to meet the evolving demands of power systems. They can be classified as single-phase or three-phase based on phase configuration; core-type or shell-type according to the relative arrangement of windings and core; and dry-type, air-cooled, forced oil circulation air-cooled, or water-cooled based on cooling methods. In terms of neutral point insulation, transformers are

Surge Arresters: Principles and ApplicationsA surge arrester is a critical device used to protect structures and electrical equipment from lightning strikes. It rapidly diverts and dissipates lightning current, thereby safeguarding equipment and personnel. The following provides a detailed explanation of its working principles.1. Basic Construction of Surge ArrestersA surge arrester typically consists of two main components: a gas discharge tube and a metal oxide varistor (MOV). Gas Discharge Tu

The use of kVA (kilovolt-amperes) instead of kW (kilowatts) to rate transformers stems from the fundamental distinction between real power (kW) and apparent power (kVA) in electrical systems. Transformers transfer electrical energy between circuits via electromagnetic induction, and their kVA rating accounts for both real and reactive power.Real Power (kW): This is the actual power that performs useful work—such as producing mechanical energy, heat, or light—and reflects the

Surge Arresters and Their EvolutionA surge arrester is always connected in parallel with the electrical equipment it protects. It does not interfere with the equipment's normal operation at system voltage. However, when a dangerous overvoltage appears on the equipment, the arrester conducts first, diverting the overvoltage safely into the ground.The earliest and simplest form of surge arrester consisted of two metal rods separated by a gap and connected in parallel across electrical equipment. W

Mechanical Endurance TestingThe mechanical endurance of circuit breakers is tested according to IEC 62271-100, requiring 10,000 operations (M2 class). During testing at an overseas laboratory, the first prototype failed at 6,527 operations due to a trip spring fracture. The lab accepted this isolated failure, attributing it to spring installation issues. A second prototype was tested but similarly failed after over 6,000 operations due to another trip spring breakage. Consequently, the test lab

Most power transformers are oil-immersed, as the use of oil as both a cooling and insulating medium has proven highly effective in the electrical industry. Below are the primary reasons for using oil in power transformers:Cooling: Oil possesses excellent cooling properties. It absorbs heat generated during transformer operation—particularly from the windings and core due to electrical losses—and transfers it away, effectively dissipating thermal energy and preventing overheat

The efficiency of a power transformer is influenced by a variety of factors, including its design, size, and operating conditions. In general, power transformers are highly efficient, with typical efficiencies exceeding 95%, and often reaching 98% or higher. However, actual efficiency can vary depending on load levels, voltage ratings, and specific design characteristics.Transformer efficiency (η) is defined as the ratio of output power to input power, expressed as a percentage:η