Ultra-Fast Current Limiter (FCL): Solutio Novum Cuius Praestantia in Interruptione Millisecondali et Beneficiis Economicis Consistit

13yrs + staff 30000+m² US$100,000,000+ China

Visio generalis: Redefinientia velocitatis et oeconomici in protectione circuitus brevis

Hoc solutionem focus ponit in dispositivo ultra-veloci limitationis currentis circuitus brevis, designatum ut fundamentaliter respondeat crescenti difficultati excedentis currentis circuitus brevis et securitatem reticulorum electricorum et apparatorum tueatur.

1.1 Characteristica principalia

Ultra-velox celeritas interruptionis: Detectat defectus et limitat currentem intra 1 millisecondem, efficaciter restringens currentem circuitus brevis antequam ad suum potentiale maximum perveniat.
Alta capacitas interruptionis:

Adaptata systematis 12kV/17.5kV: Maxima capacitas rumpendi 210kA (RMS).
Applicabilis systematis 24kV/36kV/40.5kV: Maxima capacitas rumpendi 140kA (RMS).

1.2 Principalia praestantia

Efficacia oeconomici: Operatur parallelum cum reactoribus limitationis currentis ad offerendum solutionem limitationis maxime cost-effective. Evitat substitutionem totius panelarum commutatoriarum vel transformatorum propter incrementa currentis circuitus brevis, significanter reducens investitiones in novas vel renovatas substationes.
Lata compatibilitas: Optimum ad interconectandum commutatoria et substationes; in multis casibus (exempli gratia, operatione parallela plurium transformatorum), est unica solutio technica factibilis.
Eximia fides:

Plus quam 60 annos experientiae operationis globalis (inventum anno 1955), validatum in millibus projectorum per orbem terrarum.
Statistica de quasi 4,000 unitatibus ostendit mediam frequentiam operationis tantum una vice quater annis, demonstrans stabilitatem et fidelem performance.

Key Technical Q&A

No.	Key Question	Core Answer
1	Quid est maximus currentus circuitus brevis?	Maximum instantaneum post primam cyclos post eventum defectus circuitus brevis, resultans ex superpositione componentum periodicarum et non-periodicarum. Generat enormes vires electromagneticas (testando stabilitatem dynamicam) et calorem (testando stabilitatem thermicam).
2	Cur limitare debet maximus currentus circuitus brevis?	Currentus maximi excedentes parametra tolerabiles aequipamentorum possunt laedere commutatoria, interruptores circuitus, transformatores currentis, et conectoria cableum per vires electromagneticas potentes.
3	Quomodo adaptari ad operationem parallelam plurium transformatorum?	Pro commutatoriis cum capacitate tolerantiae 2Ik, in systemate cum quatuor transformatoribus (4Ik) in parallelo, perfecta adaptatio potest assequi per installationem celerum limitatorum currentis inter sectiones bus (exempli gratia, inter sectiones 1-2 et 3-4).
4	Quae sunt criteria trip? Quomodo evitare falsa tripping?	Unitas controlis simul monitorat currentem instantaneam (I) et gradum incrementi currentis (di/dt). Trip initium capitur tantum quando ambo excedunt limina setta. Hoc duplex criterium solum certificat interruptio currentus circuitus brevis periculosi, dum defectus generales tractantur ab interruptoribus circuitus inferioribus.
5	Quomodo maintinere post operationem?	Nucleus operativus (pons conductivus) designatur modulariter et potest reparari. Solum nucleum conductivum internum, repletum inductivum, et fusibilia parallela requirunt substitutionem; alia componentia reutilizabilia, certificans valde parva costes maintenance.

Nucleus functiones et valor

3.1 Nucleus function

Detectat et limitat defectus in initiali stagione ascensionis currentis circuitus brevis (intra 1ms), efficaciter praeveniens damna aequipamentorum electricorum propter insufficiens stabilitatem dynamicam et thermicam. Perfecte compensat inherentia limitationes tradicionalium interruptorum circuitus—“lenta ad agendum et non-capax suppressioni semicyclus peak currentis.”

3.2 Comparativa praestantia

Comparatio objecti	Detail praestantia
Tradicionales interruptores circuitus	Interruptores tollunt decem millisecondes ad interruptum, nonque evitant impactum primi currentis peak. Hic limitator respondet intra 1ms, restrictus actualis maximus currentus circuitus brevis ad minus nivellum.
Reactores limitationis currentis	Avoids voltage drop, active losses (copper losses), and reactive losses associated with reactors in continuous operation. Also eliminates the need to address generator regulation issues caused by reactor integration.

3.3 Scenaria applicabili

Centra electrica
Magna industrialia substationes grid
Specificta circuitus/scenaria clavibus: Circuits feeder transformator/generator, sections bus tie, applicationes bypass reactorum, et puncta interconnectionis inter grids et fontes captivi power.

Structura et design

4.1 Compositio totalis

Systema AC triphase rapidum limitator currentis constat:

3 bases pontis conductivi
3 pontes conductivi
3 transformatores currentis matching
1 unitas controlis

4.2 Detail principalium componentium

Nomen componentis	Compositio / Charactera	Parametri clavi / Regulae
Base pons conductivus	Includit plateam montandi, insulators, transformator pulsus, et connectors cum quick couplings	- Currentus nominatus ≥2500A et tensio 12/17.5kV: Connectiones boltae. - Transformator pulsus: ≤17.5kV (installatur solum in fundo); ≥24kV (installatur in summo et fundo pro isolatione fida).
Pons conductivus	Nucleus conductivus et repletum inductivum encapsulatum in cover insulans	Post trip, repletum inductivum triggeratur, impellens nucleus conductivus ad rupturam rapidam in suo praeciso; currentus tunc transferatur ad fusibile parallellum.
Transformator currentis matching	Tipo bushing aut block, series-connected in circuitu principali	Feature core gapped (high overcurrent factor, low remanence) et shielded primary/secondary windings (low impedance) ad certificandam accurate et velocitatem mensurationis.
Unitas controlis	Includit supply power, control, indication, et anti-interference units	- Dimensions: 600mm (W) × 1450mm (H) × 300mm (D); weight: 100kg. - Indication unit: 5 flag relays (3-phase trip indication + readiness monitoring + power supply monitoring).

Principium operationis: Assequendo 1ms limitationis currentis

5.1 Nucleus compositio

Dispositivum est essentia parallel combination intelligentia duorum componentium:

"Switch ultra-velox (pons conductivus)": Portat currentem nominatum in operatione normali et aperit instantaneum in defectibus.
"Fusibile alta-capacitas": Ultime interruptus high current post apertum switch.

5.2 Sequencia operationis

Detection: Matching current transformers (CTs) continuously collect current signals; the control unit calculates instantaneous current (I) and rate of current rise (di/dt).
Judgment: When both I and di/dt exceed set values, the control unit immediately issues a trip command (independent three-phase judgment and triggering).
Interruption: The trip capacitor discharges into the pulse transformer, triggering the inductive filler in the conductive bridge. This generates high-pressure gas, causing the conductive core to rupture at its pre-cut within 1ms.
Current Limiting: Arc resistance increases rapidly, transferring current to the parallel fuse. The fuse begins limiting within 0.5ms and extinguishes the arc completely at the next current zero, clearing the fault.

5.3 Unitates auxiliariae

Power Unit: Provides 150V DC power to charge the trip capacitor and supply electronic components. Includes a watchdog circuit to monitor system health.
Anti-Interference Unit: All external wiring passes through this unit, providing effective protection against external electromagnetic interference and preventing false operations.

Commissioning and Testing

6.1 Testing Requirements

Regular functional testing is required, which can be executed by users or ABB service engineers.

6.2 Dedicated Equipment

Simulator: Temporarily replaces the conductive bridge during testing. Its built-in neon lamp lights up upon receiving a trip pulse, indicating proper operation.
Test Plug & Test Instrument: Used to check trip output voltage and overall functionality. Features a user-friendly interface and easy operation (dimensions: 400×215×320mm; weight: 11kg).

Scope of Supply and Parameters

7.1 Supply Models

Model Type	Applicable Scenarios	Core Configuration
Discrete Components	For installation in existing switchgear	3 bases + 3 conductive bridges + 3 CTs + 1 control unit
Drawout Cabinet	For metal-clad switchgear	Conductive bridges mounted on withdrawable carts (with isolating switch function); CTs fixed; control unit installed in the low-voltage compartment
Fixed Cabinet	- For 12/17.5/24kV systems - Mandatory for 36/40.5kV systems	All components fixed inside the cabinet. For 36/40.5kV systems, the control unit is often installed in a separate control box.

7.2 Key Technical Parameters (Example: Discrete Components)

Note: ¹ indicates forced air cooling is required; compatible with 50/60Hz frequency.

Technical Parameter	Unit	12kV	17.5kV	24kV	36/40.5kV
Rated Voltage	V	12000	17500	24000	36000/40500
Rated Current	A	1250-5000¹	1250-4000¹	2500-4000¹	1250-3000¹
Rated Short-Circuit Breaking Current (Max.)	kA RMS	210	210	210	140

Typical Application Scenarios

Application Scenario	Core Issue	Solution Value
Parallel System Operation	Short-circuit current from multiple transformers in parallel exceeds switchgear ratings	1. Allows reduced system impedance, minimizing voltage drop. 2. Optimizes transformer load distribution, reducing losses. 3. Enables uninterrupted load transfer during faults, improving supply reliability.
Grid-Captive Power Interconnection	Captive generator operation causes excessive short-circuit current at the common coupling point	The only rational solution. Can be equipped with directional tripping (requires CT at generator neutral) to ensure operation only for grid-side faults.
Bypassing Current-Limiting Reactors	Reactors in continuous operation cause losses and voltage drop	Bypasses reactors during normal operation (zero loss, zero voltage drop); rapidly interrupts during short circuits, diverting current to the reactor for limiting.
Selective Application of Multiple Units	Selective operation required when multiple limiters are installed on multi-section buses	Uses "current vector sum" criterion to ensure only the limiter closest to the fault operates. Supports up to 5 transformers in parallel (using 4 limiters).