17 Masu Alama Daga Bincike Da Kake Takaice Game Da Turbin Haɗin Kasa

1 Daga cewa karkashin maimaituka ya kamata da zama?
A lokacin da mu'amala mai zurfi na maimaituka yake shiga, karkashin maimaituka ya kamata da wani gabatar da za a fi amfani a kan. Idan ba a gaba ba, zai faru fadada masu tsawo a kan karkashin da kuma harkokin da ke taka. Gabatar da ta dace ne kana haifar da fadada masu tsawo a kan karkashi. Amma idan akwai gabatun da suka biyo, zai faru fadun da dacewa suna fitar da tsawon da ke taka, wanda ke tasa karshen da ke taka a kan gabatarun, kuma zai faru matsalolin da ke soke a kan gabatarun. Matsalolin da ke soke a kan gabatarun zai iya haifar da fadada masu tsawo. A cikin yanayi, za a haifar da fadada masu tsawo a kan karkashi, zai yi karshen da ke taka a kan maimaitukan, kuma zai iya haifar da alaramin fadada masu tsawo, kuma zai iya haifar da babban alaramin fadada masu tsawo. Karkashin da suka soke zai iya haifar da fadada masu tsawo a kan karkashi, kuma zai iya haifar da karshen da ke taka a kan maimaitukan, kuma zai iya buƙata da duk daɗe a kan karkashin silikon. Saboda haka, karkashin maimaituka ya kamata da wani gabatar da za a fi amfani a kan—babu da biyu ko daɗe.

2 Daga cewa karkashin maimaituka ana amfani da silikon steel sheets?
Karkashin maimaituka na musamman ana amfani da silikon steel sheets. Silikon steel ita ce jerin silikon (ko kuma takalmi) a nan bayan 0.8-4.8%. Ana amfani da silikon steel saboda ita ce ta da manufa masu magana da kuma yana iya haifar da fadada masu tsawo a kan coil da ke taka, wanda ke tasa cin ma'ana na maimaituka. Maimaitukan daidai suna shiga a kan yanayin AC, a kan da adadin karshen da ke taka a kan resistance na coil da kuma a kan karkashin a kan yanayin magana da tsawo. Karshen da ke taka a kan karkashi suna nufin "iron losses," wanda ke samun "hysteresis loss" da "eddy current loss." Hysteresis loss yana faru a lokacin da ke magana da tsawo saboda hysteresis, kuma adadin karshen da ke taka ke daɗe da tsakiyar da ke taka a kan hysteresis loop. Silikon steel ita ce ta da tsakiyar hysteresis da dace, wanda ke tasa karshen da ke taka a kan hysteresis da kuma karshen da ke taka a kan karkashi.

Idan silikon steel tana da manufa masu, daga cewa ba a amfani da blocks solid? Saboda karkashin da suka gaba suka haifar da wani abu da iron loss—eddy current loss. A lokacin da ke shiga, alternating current a kan coils yana haifar da alternating magnetic flux, wanda ke haifar da currents a kan karkashi. Wannan currents ke tasa a kan loops da ke daɗe da tsawo, wanda ke faru eddy currents wanda ke haifar da fadada masu tsawo. Don haifar da eddy current losses, karkashin maimaituka ana amfani da silikon steel sheets da suka haifar da insulation, wanda ake rufe su a kan "E-I" ko "C" shapes. Idan ake amfani da sheets da su da dace da strips da su da dace, zai iya haifar da eddy currents. Wannan zai haifar da eddy current losses, zai tasa fadada masu tsawo, da kuma zai haifar da material. Amma a lokacin da ake gina karkashi, ana duba abubuwa daban-daban—sheets da su da dace sannan zai iya haifar da cost of labor da kuma zai iya haifar da effective cross-sectional area na karkashi. Saboda haka, dimensions na silikon steel sheets don karkashin maimaituka ya kamata da ta duba abubuwa daban-daban don a gina design da dace.

3 Me ina ciki protection range na Buchholz (gas) protection?

• Internal multi-phase short circuits a kan maimaituka
• Turn-to-turn short circuits, short circuits a kan windings da karkashi ko tank
• Karkashi faults
• Oil level drop ko oil leakage
• Poor contact a kan tap changers ko poor welding of conductors

4 Me ina ciki differences between main transformer differential protection and Buchholz protection?

• Main transformer differential protection yana shiga a kan principles na circulating current, amma Buchholz protection yana shiga a kan gas generation a kan internal transformer faults.
• Differential protection ita ce main protection na transformers, amma Buchholz protection ita ce main protection na internal transformer faults.
• Protection ranges suna da lafiya:
  A) Differential protection covers:
  • Multi-phase short circuits a kan main transformer leads da kuma windings
  • Severe single-phase turn-to-turn short circuits
  • Ground faults a kan windings da leads a kan high-current grounding systems
• B) Buchholz protection covers:
• • Internal multi-phase short circuits a kan maimaituka
  • Turn-to-turn short circuits, short circuits a kan turns da karkashi ko tank
  • Karkashi faults (overheating damage)
  • Oil level drop ko oil leakage
  • Poor contact a kan tap changers ko poor conductor welding

5 Me ina handle main transformer cooler failures?

• Idan working power supplies for cooler sections I da II an juye, zai faru "#1, #2 power failure" signal, da kuma main transformer cooler full-stop tripping circuit zai shiga. Tabbas tattauna a kan dispatch da kuma disable this protection set.
• Idan switching between power supplies I da II an juye a lokacin da ke shiga, "cooler full stop" indicator zai faru, da kuma main transformer cooler full-stop tripping circuit zai shiga. Tabbas tattauna a kan dispatch don disable this protection set da kuma shiga a yi manual switching. Idan contactors KM1 ko KM2 an juye, ba a yi force excitation ba.
• Idan wani single cooler circuit an juye, isolate the faulty cooler circuit.

6 Ya faru mai kawo da muhimmanci a kan bayanai da ke faruwa idan maimakon da ba su dace da shari'ar da zaka a yi a cikin hanyar da suka daidaita su?
Idan maimakon da tushen da ta dace suke daidaita su, za su faruwa masu tsirriyar da suke magana, wanda yake iya haɗa da kyau ga tushen maimakon. Idan maimakon da ma'anin da ta dace suke daidaita su, ba zan iya koyar da takara da na gaba da tushen maimakon, wanda yake iya haɗa da kyau ga tushen maimakon. Idan maimakon da tushen da ta dace suke daidaita su, za su faruwa masu tsirriyar da suke magana, wanda yake iya haɗa da kyau ga tushen maimakon.

7 Me kuma take faruwa masu sauti da ba daidai a maimakon?

• Takara
• Koyar da abubuwa da ba da nasarar da suke magana a kan bayanai
• Abubuwan da ba da nasarar da suke magana
• Koyar da abubuwa da ba da nasarar da suke magana a kan bayanai
• Koyar da abubuwa da ba da nasarar da suke magana a kan bayanai

8 Wannan lokaci ne da ba zan iya koyar da tap changer na maimakon da ake daidaita a kan hanyar da suka daidaita su?

• A lokacin da maimakon ya fi takara (kafin ba a nan al'amuran)
• Idan babban gasar da ya fi nasarar da suke magana a kan tap changer ya yi nasara
• Idan oil gauge na tap changer ba na bani
• Idan adadin da ake daidaita ya fi nasara da limits
• Idan tap-changing device ya fi nasarar da suke magana

9 Me kuma da ma'anar da ake rubuta a kan nameplate na maimakon?
Ma'anar da ake rubuta a kan nameplate na maimakon suna nufin bayanai da masu inganci suke rubuta don hanyar da maimakon zai yi aiki daidai. A yi aiki a kan ma'anar da ake rubuta, zai iya haɗa da kyau ga tushen maimakon. Ma'anar da ake rubuta sun hada da:

• Rated capacity: Kyau da ake duba don tushen maimakon a kan ma'anar da ake rubuta, wanda ake rubuta a kan volt-amperes (VA), kilovolt-amperes (kVA), ko megavolt-amperes (MVA). Saboda hanyar da maimakon ya fi nasarar da suke magana, ma'anar da ake rubuta na primary da secondary winding suna nuna da dace.
• Rated voltage: Kyau da ake duba don tushen maimakon a kan ma'anar da ake rubuta, wanda ake rubuta a kan volts (V) ko kilovolts (kV). Idan ba a nan al'amuran, rated voltage na nufin line voltage.
• Rated current: Line current da ake duba don tushen maimakon a kan ma'anar da ake rubuta, wanda ake rubuta a kan amperes (A).
• No-load current: Excitation current da ake rubuta a kan ma'anar da ake rubuta, wanda ake rubuta a kan percent of rated current during no-load operation.
• Short-circuit loss: Active power loss da ake rubuta a kan ma'anar da ake rubuta, wanda ake rubuta a kan watts (W) ko kilowatts (kW).
• No-load loss: Active power loss da ake rubuta a kan ma'anar da ake rubuta, wanda ake rubuta a kan watts (W) ko kilowatts (kW).
• Short-circuit voltage: Wanda ake nufin impedance voltage, percent of applied voltage to rated voltage when one winding is short-circuited and the other winding carries rated current.
• Connection group: Nuna hanyar da ake daidaita primary da secondary windings da phase difference between line voltages, wanda ake rubuta a kan clock notation.

10 Me kuma da ma'anar da current-source inverters ke buƙata da maimakon da tushen da ya fi nasarar da suke magana?
A yi hukumar da maimakon, ana neman tushen maimakon, ba tushen power. Saboda hukumomin da ake yi a kan voltage-source inverters, input power factor na nufin 1, saboda haka tushen maimakon da tushen power suna nuna da dace. Amma current-source inverters, input-side transformer power factor na nufin power factor of the load induction motor. Saboda haka, don tushen maimakon, tushen maimakon da ke buƙata da current-source inverters ya fi nasarar da suke magana da tushen maimakon da ake buƙata da voltage-source inverters.

11 Me kuma da ma'anar da ke haɗa da tushen maimakon?
Zaɓin core na nufin voltage, amma zaɓin conductor na nufin current - thickness of conductor na nufin heat generation. Daga baya, tushen maimakon na nufin heat generation. Don maimakon da ake yi aiki daidai a kan conditions da ba da nasarar da suke magana, 1000kVA unit zai iya yi aiki a kan 1250kVA a kan enhanced cooling. Da ɗaya, tushen maimakon na nufin allowable temperature rise. Misali, 1000kVA transformer with an allowable temperature rise of 100K zai iya yi aiki a kan 120K in special circumstances. Wannan na nufin cewa improving transformer cooling conditions can increase its rated capacity. Amma, don tushen maimakon da ke buƙata da inverter, size of transformer cabinet zai iya haɗa da kyau.

12 Me kuma da ma'anar da ke haɗa da tushen maimakon?

• A zama da zaɓi masu karfi mai kwayoyi da takalmi na iya haɗa
• Zaɓi tsarin takalmi na iya daga cikin abubuwa na muhimmanci
• Ganar da yanayi na takalmi na iya zuwa 70% yamma
• Fara da zaɓin takalmi na iya masu yanayi ita ce 30% yamma
• Yadda da hanyar zuwa takalmi na iya don samun yakin da ake amfani da shi
• Zaɓi abubuwan da ke kusa da cewa da ya gudana don inganta takalmi na iya

13 Yadda ake bukata a yi aiki a kan tushen takalmi na iya masu karfi mai kwayoyi?
Takalmi na iya masu karfi mai kwayoyi suna nufin takalmi na iya masu SJ, SJL, SL7, S7, wadanda suka da karfin kwayo da karamin rari da suka fi koyar da S9. Misali, S7 tana da karfin kwayo 11% da karamin rari 28% da suka fi koyar da S9. Takalmi na iya masu karfi mai kwayoyi mafi yawa da S10 da S11 suna da karfin kwayo da karamin rari da suka fi koyar da S9, amma takalmi na iya masu karfi mai kwayoyi masu amorphous alloy suna da karfin kwayo da suka fi koyar da 20% na S7. Takalmi na iya suna da shekaru da suke ci gaba. A yi aiki a kan tushen takalmi na iya masu karfi mai kwayoyi da takalmi na iya masu karfi mai kwayoyi mafi yawa yana da kyau saboda haka yana da kyau a samun yakin da ake amfani da shi.

14 Mace ne eddy current? Wannan lura ta eddy current?
Idan karamin rari na iya yana ci a kan mutum, yana da shi wuya na iya a kan mutum. Wannan wuya na iya yana da shi karfi na iya a kan mutum. Saboda wannan karfi na iya yana da shi daidai a kan mutum kamar ruwan da take da shi, ana kiran shi da eddy current. Eddy current yana da shi karamin rari na iya, yana da shi karfi na iya, amma yana da shi daidai a kan abubuwan da ake amfani da su (misali, takalmi na iya), yana da shi lura ga tushen abubuwan da ake amfani da su idan yana da shi daidai.

15 Me kawo aiki a kan tushen takalmi na iya mai karfi mai kwayoyi yana da shi daidai a kan karamin rari na iya mai karfi mai kwayoyi?
Wannan yana da shi daidai saboda tushen relay protection. Tushen high-voltage side instantaneous protection yana da shi daidai a kan tushen takalmi na iya mai karfi mai kwayoyi. Idan a yi setting, idan tushen ba da shi daidai a kan karamin rari na iya mai karfi mai kwayoyi, tushen yana da shi daidai a kan low-voltage outgoing lines saboda karamin rari na iya ba da shi daidai a kan low-voltage outlet. Wannan yana da shi lura ga tushen. Idan tushen ba da shi daidai, yana da shi daidai saboda tushen, amma yana da shi daidai saboda tushen. Misali, a cikin industrial parks akwai 10kV main distribution rooms (10kV bus + outgoing circuit breakers), da kullum da ke kusa da low-voltage distribution rings (ring main units + transformers). Idan circuit breakers ba da shi daidai a kan karamin rari na iya mai karfi mai kwayoyi, low-voltage main switches (ring main unit load switch fuses) da high-voltage circuit breakers yana da shi daidai, yana da shi lura ga tushen.

16 Me kawo aiki a kan tushen takalmi na iya masu karfi mai kwayoyi bayan da suka da neutral points grounded simultaneously?
A cikin system masu karamin rari, don in sauki tushen relay protection, akwai takalmi na iya masu karfi mai kwayoyi da suka da shi grounded, wasu suka da shi ungrounded. A cikin station da ke kusa da takalmi na iya masu karfi mai kwayoyi biyu, bai da shi daidai a kan tushen zero-sequence current da zero-sequence voltage protection. A cikin substations da ke kusa da takalmi na iya masu karfi mai kwayoyi biyar, akwai takalmi na iya masu karfi mai kwayoyi da suka da shi grounded, wasu suka da shi ungrounded. Wannan yana da shi daidai a kan ground fault current zuwa yawan daidai, yana da shi daidai saboda tushen, yana da shi daidai saboda tushen.

17 Me kawo aiki a kan tushen takalmi na iya masu karfi mai kwayoyi bayan da suka da impulse closing tests before putting newly installed or overhauled transformers into operation?
Idan ake buƙaci takalmi na iya mai karfi mai kwayoyi daga grid, yana da shi switching overvoltages. A cikin small-current grounding systems, yana da shi 3-4 times the rated phase voltage; a cikin high-grounding current systems, yana da shi 3 times the rated phase voltage. Saboda haka, don in tuntuɗi cewa insulation na takalmi na iya yana da shi daidai a kan rated voltage da operational switching overvoltages, yana buƙaci a yi multiple impulse closing tests before commissioning. Kuma, energizing unloaded transformers yana da shi magnetizing inrush current, wanda yana da shi 6-8 times the rated current. Saboda magnetizing inrush yana da shi significant electromagnetic forces, impulse closing tests yana da shi daidai a kan tushen mechanical strength na takalmi na iya da kuma cewa relay protection yana da shi daidai.