Kashe da Tattalin Kasa na Kirkiro Gida a Ƙarfin Kirkiro 10kV
فیلڈ: Tattalin aiki
China
Karakteristikai da Kwayoyin Tsohon Gaba na Fasal Akwai Wata
1. Karakteristikai na Fasal Akwai Wata
- Signaolin Alarami na Wasu:
Bello na alarami ya kara, kuma lampan na bayani "Fasal Akwai Wata a [X] kV Bus Section [Y]" ta kafa. A cikin sistemai da ke amfani da Petersen coil (coil na paka wata) don kare gaba na neutral point, lampan na "Petersen Coil Operated" kuma ta kafa. - Bayanin Voltmeter na Paka Insulation:
- Tushe na fasal akwai wata ta zama yawa (a lokacin da ke tsakanin paka mai yawa) ko ta daga zuwa zero (a lokacin da ke paka mai yawa).
- Tushe na wasu biyu fasal suka zama yawa—yaya daga tushe na fasal na kowane a lokacin da ke tsakanin paka mai yawa, ko suka zama yawa zuwa tushe na line a lokacin da ke paka mai yawa.
- A lokacin da ke paka mai yawa, kuma needle na voltmeter ta zama yawa; idan ta yi rarraba kafin rarraba, fasal ya zama maimakon karkara (arc grounding).
- A Sistemai da ke amfani da Petersen Coil-Grounded:
Idan voltmeter na displacement na neutral an sanya shi, yana nuna bayani na farko a lokacin da ke tsakanin paka mai yawa ko yana zama tushe na fasal a lokacin da ke paka mai yawa. Lampan na alarami na Petersen coil kuma ta kafa. - Zununin Arc Grounding:
Arc grounding yana zama overvoltage, wanda yana zama tushe na fasal ba tare da fasal suka zama yawa. Wannan zai iya kare fuses na VT na high-voltage ko kuma kare VT sashen.
2. Farko na Fasal Akwai Wata Mai Tsokaci da Alaramin Ba Tare da Fasal
- Fuse na High-Voltage da aka kare a VT:
Karan fuse a fasal daya na VT zai iya zama alarami na fasal akwai wata. Amma:- A fasal akwai wata mai tsokaci: tushe na fasal akwai wata ta kara, wasu biyu fasal suka zama yawa, amma tushe na line ta zama yawa.
- Daga karan fuse: tushe na fasal daya ta kara, wasu biyu fasal ba su zama yawa, kuma tushe na line ta kara.
- Transformer Ya Kulle Bus da Ba Ta Kulle:
A lokacin da kulle, idan circuit breaker ya kulle ba tare da zamani, kuma yana zama unbalanced capacitive coupling zuwa gaba, wanda yana zama neutral displacement da asymmetric three-phase voltages, wanda yana zama alarami na fasal akwai wata ba tare da fasal.
→ Wannan yana zama yayin da ke amfani da switch. Idan bus da wasu abubuwan da suke kawo da shi ba su nuna abin da ba ta yake da muhimmanci, alarami ya zama ba tare da fasal. Kullin feeder line ko station service transformer yana karya da alarami. - Asymmetry na Sistemai ko Tunin da Ba Tare da Dabba na Petersen Coil:
Yayin da ke canza mode na amfani (misali: canzawa na configuration), asymmetry ko kariya na Petersen coil compensation zai iya zama alarami na fasal akwai wata ba tare da fasal.
→ Yana bukatar koyaya da dispatch: canza zuwa original configuration, kulle Petersen coil, canza tap changer na shi, sannan kulli shi sannan canza mode sannan.
→ Ferroresonance yayin da ke kulle bus da ba ta kulle zai iya zama alarami na fasal akwai wata ba tare da fasal. Kullin feeder line yayin da lokaci ya kare resonance condition kuma ya kare alarami.
3. Kwayoyin Tsohon Gaba
The insulation monitoring system typically consists of a three-phase five-limb voltage transformer, voltage relays, signal relays, and monitoring instruments.
- Tsarin: Biyu limbu na magnetic; fasal daya na primary winding da biyu secondary windings, duk suka kawo a cikin biyu limbu na gaba.
- Tsarin na Wiring: Ynynd (star-primary, star-secondary with neutral, and open-delta tertiary).
Muhimmancin wannan wiring:
- Fasal na farko na secondary winding ta koye duk tushe na line da fasal.
- Fasal na biyu na secondary winding ta kawo a open delta don tsohon zero-sequence voltage.
Manufa na Amfani:
- A lokacin da ke yanzu, tushe na biyu fasal suna yanzu; a teori, zero voltage yana zama a cikin open delta.
- A lokacin da fasal akwai wata na fasal daya mai yawa (misali: Phase A), zero-sequence voltage yana zama a sistemai, wanda yana zama voltage a cikin open delta.
- Kuma a lokacin da fasal akwai wata na fasal daya ba tare da yawa (high-impedance), voltage yana zama a cikin kowace hankali.
- Idan wannan voltage ya zama kamar da pickup threshold na voltage relay, duk voltage relay da signal relay suka amfani, wanda yana zama alarami na sauti da alarami na lamba.
Masu amfani suke amfani da wannan alarami da bayanan voltmeter don gano yanzu da fasal na fasal akwai wata, sannan suka bayar da dispatcher.
⚠️ Bayani: Abin da ke tsohon insulation yana share a cikin duk bus section.
⚠️ Bayani: Abin da ke tsohon insulation yana share a cikin duk bus section.
Sababin Fasal Akwai Wata na Fasal Daya
- Conductor da aka kare ya kara zuwa gaba ko ya kara a cikin crossarm;
- Binding ko fixing na conductor a cikin insulator suka kara, wanda suka kara a cikin crossarm ko gaba;
- Wani wani mai yawa ya kare conductor suka daga zuwa gaba na bangarorin;
- High-voltage lead wire da aka kare daga distribution transformer;
- Insulation failure a cikin 10 kV surge arresters ko fuses a cikin transformer platforms;
- Insulation breakdown ko grounding a fasal daya na transformer high-voltage winding;
- Insulator flashover ko puncture;
- Insulation failure a cikin branch-line fuses;
- Guy wire da aka kare daga upper crossarm a cikin multi-circuit poles ta kara a cikin lower conductors;
- Lightning strikes;
- Tree contact;
- Bird-related faults;
- Foreign objects (misali: plastic sheets, branches);
- Wasu sababin da ba su faru ko da ba su san.
Hazarin Fasal Akwai Wata na Fasal Daya
- Kare na Abubuwan da suke a cikin Substation:
Bayan fasal akwai wata na 10 kV, bus VT ba ta nuna current amma ta nuna zero-sequence voltage da increased current a cikin open delta. Amfani mai yawa zai iya kare VT.
Sannan, ferroresonant overvoltages (yaya daga yanzu na normal voltage) zai iya zama, kare insulation da kare abubuwan da suke yanzu. - Kare na Abubuwan da suke a cikin Distribution:
Intermittent arc grounding da overvoltages zai iya kare insulation, wanda zai iya zama short circuits, burned-out transformers, da failed arresters/fuses, wanda zai iya zama electrical fires. - Kayan Zaman Lafiya na Regional Grid:
Fasal akwai wata mai yawa zai iya kare zaman lafiya na local power grid, wanda zai iya zama cascading failures. - Kayan Zaman Lafiya na Mutane da Cibiyoyi:
Conductors da suka kare suka kulle gaba, wanda suka zama step voltage hazards. Pedestrians, linemen (kamar yadda a lokacin da night patrols), da cibiyoyi a cikin lokaci na fasal suna yanzu da electric shock or electrocution. - Influence na Zamani da Kullin Kudin:
- Ya bukatar manual faulted-feeder selection.
- Feeder ba tare da fasal zai iya kulle a lokacin da ke gano fasal, wanda zai iya kare kullin kudin ga mutane ba tare da fasal.
- Gano fasal da kare ya bukatar kulle na line, wanda ya zama yawa a lokacin da crop-growing seasons, adverse weather (wind, rain, snow), ko a mountainous/forested areas ko a night, wanda zai iya zama prolonged, widespread outages.
- Losses na Line Energy:
Fasal akwai wata yana zama significant earth leakage currents, wanda yana nuna direct energy loss. Regulations suna kara fasal akwai wata amfani zuwa no more than 2 hours don kare waste mai yawa. - Quantification na Electricity Loss:
Average ground fault current yana daga 6 to 10 A. A typical 10 kV levels, wannan yana zama approximately 34,560 kWh na wasted energy per 24-hour period.
Wayoyin da Procedures na Amfani da Fasal Akwai Wata na Fasal Daya
- Small-Current Ground Fault Auto-Selection Devices:
Sanya automatic ground-fault line-selection devices a cikin substations. Wadannan suna amfani da zero-sequence current transformers (ZCTs) a cikin kowa feeder outlet don gano kowane feeder da ke fasal a lokacin da ke kulle. - Single-Phase Ground Fault Detection Systems:
Modern distribution systems suna amfani da signal injectors a cikin beginning, middle, and end na feeders. Fault indicators su gano lokacin da ke fasal, wanda suka zama rapid response. - Measures na Gudanar da Fasal:
- Amfani da regular line patrols: duba conductor clearances zuwa trees/buildings, bird nests a cikin poles, secure conductor binding a cikin insulators, loose bolts a cikin insulators/crossarms/guy wires, broken or frayed guy wires, da abnormal conductor sag.
- Test periodic na insulation na insulators, branch fuses, da surge arresters; replace defective units promptly.
- Perform routine tests on distribution transformers; repair or replace faulty units.
- Sanya branch fuses on rural feeders don kare fasal scope, reduce outage area/duration, da speed up fault location.
- Amfani da insulators rated one voltage class higher don enhance overall system insulation strength.
Ba da kyau kuma kara mai rubutu!
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