Misaloli da Muhimmanci na Kudin Ƙananan Aiki na Wuri a Cikin Ingantaccen 10kV Tashar Ƙananan Aiki

Tsanin 10kV na faduwar tsanani da take da shiga masu tattalin arziki a cikin hanyar karamin arziki a yanzu. Tana ba da zafi ko kuma gina tsanani, tana iya kawo matsaloli da ke faruwa daga wani abu a kan da ta biyo, tashin mutane da ke faruwa, da kuma sauya a tsari saboda bukatar tsanani. Yana taka muhimmanci a cikin inganta tattalin arziki, tattalin dalilai, da kuma kyakkyawan karamin arziki a tsari. Tsanin 10kV na faduwar tsanani tana daya daga abubuwa mafi muhimmanci don kara amfani da karamin arziki a tsari da tattalin dalili da kyakkyawa.

Fahimtarsa tsohon rike tana ba da muhimmanci ga jirgin iyali, amma tsohon kayan bayanin iyali da ke nuna bayanin yanayi da kuma yanayi domin kawo alama a cikin bayanin iyali—da kuma sarrafa dalilai a ranar da za suka faru—tana ba da muhimmiyar dalilan don kara amfani da karamin arziki a tsari da tattalin dalili da kyakkyawa. Bayanai da za su yi wa iyali tana bukata zuwa masu ilimi da tarihi a cikin bayanin iyali, da kuma ya kamata a yi wa iyali a cikin tarihi. A nan ne bayanai mai zurfi game da tsohon rike da muhimmancin bayanai da za su yi wa iyali masu 10kV na faduwar tsanani.

1. Tsohon Rike Masu 10kV Na Faduwar Tsanani

Muhimmancin Yakin: Inganta tattalin arziki a tsari, kawo tashin mutane da ke faruwa, danbada tsari, da kuma inganta kyakkyawan karamin arziki.

1.1 Tsohon Yanayi

• Tushen Tsanani: Abubuwan da ke magance tsanani a cikin karamin arziki (misali, motoci, transformers) sun bukata sakamako a cikin tsari, sun kawo tsanani mai kadan (Q).

• Yanayin Yanayi: Kungiyoyi masu faduwar tsanani suna kawo tsanani mai fiye (Qc) don kawo alama wajen tsanani mai kadan (Ql).

• Nemsa: Yadda ake bukata tsanani da ke bukatar da ita a cikin tsari tana zama daidai, tattalin arziki (Cosφ = P / S) tana inganta, da kuma tattalin daidai (S) tana zama daidai.

1.2 Abubuwan Da Ke Duk Karamin Yanayi

• Kungiyar Tsanani Masu Faduwar Tsanani: Wani abu mai mahimmanci wanda tana ba da tsanani mai fiye. Tana da kungiyoyi masu faduwar tsanani da ke gudanar da kuma kungiyoyi masu faduwar tsanani don inganta tattalin 10kV da tattalin daidai da ke bukatar da ita.

• Reaktor:

• Reaktor Mai Kula Tsari: Yana kula tsari mai kadan a lokacin da ake fitowa kungiyar tsanani (yana da muhimmanci a kan 5–20 kafin tattalin daidai), tana da alama da kungiyar tsanani da kuma abubuwan da ke fitowa.

• Reaktor Mai Filta: Tana gudanar da kungiyar tsanani (yana da muhimmanci a kan 5th, 7th, ko wani tattalin daidai), tana kawo alama wajen kula tsari mai kadan da ke jawo kungiyar tsanani, tana kula tsari mai kadan da ke jawo kungiyar tsanani, tana kula tsari mai kadan da ke jawo kungiyar tsanani, tana da alama da kungiyar tsanani.

• Abubuwan Da Ke Fitowa Karamin Arziki Masu Faduwar Tsanani:

• Vacuum Contactor Ko Vacuum Circuit Breaker: Yana amfani a kan fitowa kungiyar tsanani in ba da kuma in ba da. Vacuum contactors suna amfani da su a gaba da kuma suna da muhimmanci a kan amfani da su a gaba.

• Isolating Switch / Grounding Switch: Yana amfani a kan fitowa karamin arziki don inganta dalilai a lokacin da ake yi iyali, tana da alama da karamin arziki da kuma inganta dalilai a lokacin da ake yi iyali.

• Karamin Discharge:

• Discharge Coil Ko Discharge Resistor: Ba da kungiyar tsanani in ba da, tana kula tsari mai kadan da ke jawo kungiyar tsanani (yana da muhimmanci a kan 5 seconds), tana da alama da kungiyar tsanani da kuma inganta dalilai a lokacin da ake yi iyali. Discharge coils suna amfani da su a gaba.

• Abubuwan Da Ke Inganta Dalilai:

• Fuse: Yana inganta kungiyar tsanani daga adadin tsari mai kadan (expulsion-type fuse).

• Relay Protection: Yana da muhimmanci a kan overcurrent protection (phase-to-phase short circuit), unbalance protection (internal capacitor element breakdown or fuse blowout), overvoltage protection, undervoltage protection, harmonic overlimit protection, open-delta voltage protection, etc.

• Abubuwan Da Ke Cika Da Kawo Alama:

• Controller: Yana cika da kawo alama tattalin arziki, tattalin tsari, tattalin arziki, harmonic current, harmonic voltage distortion rate, da kuma abubuwan da ke bukatar da ita. Yana kula kungiyar tsanani in ba da kuma in ba da don inganta tattalin arziki (misali, target power factor, target voltage, harmonic over-limit protection, time-based programs).

• Current Transformer (CT), Voltage Transformer (PT): Yana ba da alama don cika da kawo alama da kuma inganta dalilai.

1.3 Tarihin Amfani

• Cikan Alama: Controller yana cikan alama tattalin arziki, tattalin tsari, da kuma bukatar da ita a cikin tsari.

• Yadda Ake Gano: Idan tattalin arziki tana zama daidai (misali, 0.9 lagging), ko idan tsari tana bukata tsanani mai kadan, controller tana ba da alama don fitowa kungiyar tsanani.

• Fitowa: Control circuit tana kula vacuum contactor in ba da, tana gudanar da kungiyar tsanani (yana da muhimmanci a kan reaktor) in ba da 10kV busbar.

• Yanayi: Kungiyar tsanani tana kula tsanani mai fiye a cikin tsari, tana kula tsanani mai kadan, tana inganta tattalin arziki, da kuma tana danbada tsari.

• Babba Fitowa: Idan tattalin arziki tana zama daidai (misali, 0.98 leading, wanda yake iya kula tsanani mai fiye), ko idan tattalin tsari tana zama daidai, ko idan adadin tsari tana zama daidai, controller tana ba da alama don babba fitowa, vacuum contactor tana kula kungiyar tsanani in ba da.

• Discharge: Ba da kungiyar tsanani in ba da, karamin discharge (discharge coil) tana kula tsari mai kadan da ke jawo kungiyar tsanani.

2. Iyali Masu 10kV Na Faduwar Tsanani

Muhimmancin Yakin: Inganta dalilai, tattalin dalili, da kuma kyakkyawan karamin arziki, da kuma karfin amfani da karamin arziki.

2.1 Iyali Na Rana

• Iyali Na Ciki: Cika kungiyar tsanani don inganta ciki, kula tsari, kula rust, ko kula paint; cika bushings don inganta ciki, kula, ko kula flashover traces; cika abubuwan da ke gudanar da kula tsari, kula tsari, ko kula color.

• Sautin Amfani: Kiwo sauti masu reaktor, discharge coils, ko kungiyar tsanani (misali, sauti mai kadan tana iya nuna ciki mai kadan).

• Alama Na Instrument: Cika idan alama masu voltmeters, ammeters, power factor meters, da kuma reactive power meters tana daidai, tana cikan alama da controller display values.

• Iyali Na Yanki: Cika ventilation, tattalin tsari, da kuma humidity don inganta dalilai; cika idan dust accumulation ko signs of small animal intrusion; cika idan fences and labels tana daidai.

• Alama Na Inganta Dalilai: Cika idan akwai alarm ko trip signals masu inganta dalilai.

2.2 Iyali Na Tarihi (Typically Every Six Months to One Year)

• Sojo Don Cikan Dust: Sojo dust da dirt daga surfaces masu kungiyar tsanani, bushings, insulators, busbars, frames, reactors, da kuma switchgear (using dry, lint-free cloths or special tools, avoiding insulation damage). (Important! Cleaning of high-voltage equipment must be done after power-off, voltage testing, and grounding!)

• Inganta Connections: Cika da inganta electrical connection bolts (busbar connections, capacitor terminal connections, grounding wires, etc.) don inganta dalilai da kula tsari. Operate according to specified torque.

• Testing Masu Kungiyar Tsanani:

• Capacitance Measurement: Amfani capacitance bridge don cikan total capacitance masu kungiyar tsanani, tana cikan nameplate values ko historical data. Idan deviation exceeds ±5% ko shows significant change (especially decrease), tana bukata zuwa masu tattalin dalili, tana iya nuna internal component damage. Capacitance value masu single capacitor tana bukata -5% to +10%.

• Insulation Resistance Test: Cikan insulation resistance between poles and between pole and case (using a 2500V megohmmeter), tana da regulatory requirements (typically, inter-pole insulation resistance should be very high, pole-to-case insulation resistance > 1000MΩ). Must be fully discharged before and after testing!

• Dissipation Factor (tanδ) Measurement: Can be performed if conditions allow, which is more sensitive in reflecting internal capacitor insulation moisture or deterioration. Should not show significant increase compared to factory or previous measurement values.

• Iyali Masu Reaktor:

• Cika appearance masu reaktor don inganta ciki, kula, insulation aging, ko kula damage.

• Cika idan core (if present) fasteners tana daidai.

• Cikan winding DC resistance, tana da significant difference compared to factory or previous values (considering temperature influence).

• Cikan insulation resistance.

• Iyali Masu Karamin Discharge:

• Cika appearance masu discharge coil da wiring.

• Verify discharge performance (under safety regulation permission, simulate operation to verify residual voltage drop speed).

• Iyali Masu Karamin Fitowa:

• Cika appearance masu vacuum interrupter.

• Cika idan operating mechanism operates flexibly and reliably; apply appropriate lubricant to lubrication points.

• Cikan main circuit contact resistance.

• Perform mechanical characteristic tests (opening/closing time, synchronism, bounce, stroke, etc.).

• Calibration Masu Inganta Dalilai: Calibrate settings and perform transmission tests for overcurrent, unbalance, overvoltage, undervoltage, etc., according to regulations to ensure accurate and reliable operation. Check fuse appearance and indicator status.

• Iyali Masu Controller: Cika idan display, buttons, da kuma communication tana daidai; verify sampling accuracy (compare voltage, current, power factor, etc., with standard meter); check if switching logic is correct.

2.3 Iyali Na Muhimmanci

• Harmonic Environment: Idan system tana da harmonics, strengthen monitoring of temperature rise of capacitors and reactors (infrared thermography), conduct regular harmonic tests, ensure tuning point settings are reasonable to avoid resonance. Add filtering devices if necessary.

• Frequent Switching: Strengthen inspection of contact wear of vacuum contactors/circuit breakers, shorten their maintenance cycle.

• After Faults: After protection operation (especially fuse blowout or unbalance protection operation), the cause must be thoroughly identified, damaged components replaced, and comprehensive inspection and testing completed before re-energization.

2.4 Dalilai Na Inganta (Most Important!)

• Strictly enforce the "Two Tickets and Three Systems": Work Ticket, Operation Ticket; Shift Handover System, Patrol Inspection System, Equipment Periodic Testing and Rotation System.

• Power-Off, Voltage Test, Grounding: Before any maintenance work, the power source must be reliably disconnected (including possible back-feeding from PT secondary side), use a qualified voltage tester to confirm absence of voltage, and install grounding wires at both ends of the work location. The capacitor bank must be fully discharged using a dedicated grounding rod and grounded before contact!

• Dedicated Supervisor: Operation and maintenance of high-voltage equipment must have a dedicated supervisor.

• Use Qualified Tools and Protection: Use tools with qualified insulation rating, wear insulating gloves, insulating boots, and other safety protective equipment.

• Residual Voltage Awareness: Even after discharge, use a grounding rod to short-circuit capacitor terminals again before contact.

2.5 Record Keeping and Analysis

• Record data from each inspection, maintenance, and test in detail (capacitance value, insulation resistance, temperature, protection action information, etc.).

• Establish equipment files, perform trend analysis, and promptly identify potential defects.

• Record abnormal conditions and handling processes.

3. Reference for Key Maintenance Intervals

• Daily Inspection: Daily or weekly (depending on importance and operating environment).

• Periodic Cleaning and Inspection (without power-off): Monthly or quarterly.

• Periodic Maintenance (with power-off): Once to twice a year (combined with preventive testing).

• Capacitor Capacitance/Insulation Resistance Measurement: Conducted during power-off maintenance; once within one year of commissioning, then once every 1–2 years.

• Protection Device Calibration: Once a year.

• Switching Equipment Characteristic Test: Combined with power-off maintenance, once every 1–2 years or when operation count reaches a certain value.

4. Notes

• Ambient Temperature: The operating ambient temperature of capacitors must not exceed the specified upper limit (typically -40°C ~ +45°C), avoid direct sunlight.

• Overvoltage: Capacitors can operate long-term at 1.1 times the rated voltage; avoid prolonged overvoltage operation.

• Overcurrent: Capacitors can operate long-term at 1.3 times the rated current (considering harmonic and overvoltage effects).

• Harmonics: Harmonics are one of the main causes of capacitor damage. The system harmonic background must be considered during design, and the reactor ratio configured reasonably. Strengthen harmonic monitoring during operation.