Principium Functionis et Puncta Clavialia Maintenance Apparatus Compensationis Rei Reactivae Altivolantis 10kV

Dispositivum compensativum potentiae reactivae altae tensio decem kilovoltorum est componentis essentialis et indispensabilis in systematibus electricitatis modernis. Per praebendum vel absorbandum potentiam reactivam, efficaciter solvit problemata ut factorem potentiae parvum, perdas lineares magnas, et fluctuationes tensionis ex demanda potentiæ reactivæ causatas, agens partem clavem in melioratione economiæ, securitatis, et qualitatis electricitatis operationis reticuli. Dispositivum compensativum potentiae reactivae altae tensio decem kilovoltorum est dispositivum clavis ad securitatem et economicam operationem reticuli assecurandam.

Intellegere principium operativum eius est basis pro manutenctione, dum stricta implementatio plani manutenctionis periodicæ centri testandi preventivi et monitorandi condicionis — semper prioritate securitati dante — est fundamentale garantia ad operationem longinqui temporis fideliter assecurandam. Opera manutenctionis debent ab personis qualificatis et experientibus secundum proceduras stabilitas geri. Sequitur explicatio detailata de principio operativo et essentialibus manutenctionis systematum compensatorum potentiae reactivae altae tensio decem kilovoltorum.

1. Principium Operativum Systematis Compensativi Potentiae Reactivae Altae Tensionis Decem Kilovoltorum

Obiectivum Nucleare: Meliorare factorem potentiae reticuli, minuere perdas lineares, stabilire tensionem systematis, et augere qualitatem distributionis electricitatis.

1.1 Principium Compensationis

• Fons Potentiae Reactivae: Onus inductiva in reticulo electricitatis (exempli gratia, motrices, transformatores) requiritur ad establishmentem campi magneticum durante operatione, consumens potentiam reactivam sequentem (Q).

• Modus Compensationis: Bancæ condensorum paralleliter connectuntur, generantes potentiam reactivam capacitiuam praecedentem (Qc) ad offsettandum potentiam reactivam inductivam (Ql).

• Resultatum: Potentia reactiva totalis (Q) a systemate requisita minuitur, factor potentiae (Cosφ = P / S) melioratur, et potentia apparentia (S) minuitur.

1.2 Componentes Dispositivi Compensationis

• Bancus Condensorum Altae Tensionis Parallela: Componentis nucleare quod potentiam reactivam capacitiuam praebet. Consistit typice ex multis unitatibus condensorum serie et parallela connectis ad satisfactionem requirementum tensionis decem kilovoltorum et capacitatis requirite.

• Reactor Serie:

• Reactor Limitans Currentem: Limitat currentem inrush momento commutationis condensorum (typice quinquies viginti vicibus currentem nominalem), protegens condensores et apparatus commutationis.

• Reactor Filter: Format circuitum LC sintonizatum cum condensore (saepe sintonizatum infra quintam, septimam, aut harmonicam frequenticam specificam), suppressens currentes harmonicos intrantes condensorem, preveniens amplificationem et resonantiam harmonicam, sic protegens condensorem.

• Apparatus Commutationis Altae Tensionis:

• Contactor Vacuus aut Interruptor Circuito Vacuo: Utuntur ad bancos condensorum in aut ex commutando. Contactores vacui sunt magis communiter usi et apti ad operationes frequentes.

• Interruptor Separans / Interruptor Terrendi: Utuntur durante manutenctione ad fontem electricitatis separandum et terrendum securem assecurandum.

• Dispositivum Discharge:

• Coilus Discharge aut Resistor Discharge: Post disconnectionem banci condensorum, cito dischargeat stylum electricum super terminales condensorum (typice requiritur ut residua tensio ad infra quinquaginta voltum intra quinque secunda reducatur), securitatem durante manutenctione assecurans. Coilus discharge sunt magis communiter usi.

• Dispositiva Protectionis:

• Fusus: Protegit singulos condensores contra defectus internos (fusus expulsionis).

• Protectio Relais: Includit protectionem overcurrent (short circuit inter phases), protectionem inaequalitatis (ruptura elementi interni condensoris aut fusus), protectionem overvoltage, protectionem undervoltage, protectionem overlimit harmonica, protectionem voltage open-delta, etc.

• Dispositiva Mensurationis et Controlis:

• Controller: Continuo monitorat parametras tensionis, currentis, factoris potentiae, currentis harmonici, distortionis tensionis harmonicae, et alia. Automatico controlat commutationem bancorum condensorum secundum strategias praestabilitas (exempli gratia, target factoris potentiae, target tensionis, protectio overlimit harmonica, programmas tempore basata).

• Current Transformer (CT), Voltage Transformer (PT): Praebent signales pro mensuratione et protectione.

1.3 Processus Operationalis

• Monitoratio: Controller continuo monitorat parametras ut factorem potentiae, tensionem, et demandam potentiae reactivae reticuli.

• Decisio: Cum factor potentiae descendit infra limitem inferiorem praestabilitam (exempli gratia, 0.9 sequentem), aut quando systema requiret potentiam reactivam additam, controller mandatum energizationis emit.

• Energizatio: Circuitus controlis contactorem vacuuum claudit, bancum condensorum (typice per reactor series) paralleliter ad busbar decem kilovoltorum connectens.

• Compensation: Bancus condensorum potentiam reactivam capacitiuam systemati praebet, partem potentiae reactivae inductivae compensans, factorem potentiae meliorans, et tensionem supportans.

• De-energizatio: Cum factor potentiae excessit limitem superiorem praestabilitam (exempli gratia, 0.98 praecedentem, quod forsan overcompensationem causat), aut quando tensionem systematis est nimis alta, aut quando diminutio oneris ad reductionem demandae potentiae reactivae ducit, controller mandatum de-energizationis emit, contactor vacuus aperit, et bancus condensorum ex service removetur.

• Discharge: Post disconnectionem banci condensorum, dispositivum discharge (coilus discharge) automaticum operatur, cito energy stored dischargeans.

2. Manutenctio Dispositivorum Compensatorum Potentiae Reactivae Altae Tensionis Decem Kilovoltorum

Obiectivum Nucleare: Assecurare operationem securam, fidelem, et efficientem, et vitam servitii apparatorum extenderi.

2.1 Inspectio Cotidiana

• Inspectio Visualis: Inspectione casings condensorum ad tumefactionem, effusum olei, ferruginem, aut scalpturam; inspectione bushing ad rupturn, contaminationem, aut vestigia flashover; inspectione punctorum connectionis ad laxitudinem, overheating (thermographia infrarubra), aut discolorationem.

• Sonitus Operationis: Auscultatione vibrationis aut soni abnormalis a reactoribus, coilis discharge, aut condensoribus (exempli gratia, incrementum "humming" soni anomaliter indicat laxes internas).

• Indicationes Instrumentorum: Inspectione si indicationes voltmeter, ammeter, factoris potentiae, et metrorum potentiae reactivae normaliter sunt, et comparatione cum valori display controller.

• Inspectio Ambientalis: Inspectione ventilationis interioris, temperature ambientis, et humiditatis ad securitatem intra limites permittendos; inspectione ad accumulationem pulveris aut vestigia intrusionis animalium parvorum; inspectione si fences et labels integri sunt.

• Signalia Protectionis: Inspectione si signalia alarm aut trip a dispositivis protectionis existunt.

2.2 Manutenctio Periodica (Typice Semel bisque Anno)

• Cleaning Post-Power-Off: Thoroughly remove dust and dirt from the surfaces of capacitor casings, bushings, insulators, busbars, frames, reactors, and switchgear (using dry, lint-free cloths or special tools, avoiding insulation damage). (Important! Cleaning of high-voltage equipment must be done after power-off, voltage testing, and grounding!)

• Tightening Connections: Check and tighten all electrical connection bolts (busbar connections, capacitor terminal connections, grounding wires, etc.) to ensure good contact and prevent overheating. Operate according to specified torque.

• Capacitor Testing:

• Capacitance Measurement: Use a dedicated capacitance bridge to measure the total capacitance of each phase or each branch (if applicable), and compare with nameplate values or historical data. If deviation exceeds ±5% or shows significant change (especially decrease), it requires close attention, possibly indicating internal component damage. The capacitance value of a single capacitor should not deviate from the rated value by more than -5% to +10%.

• Insulation Resistance Test: Measure the insulation resistance between poles and between pole and case (using a 2500V megohmmeter), which should meet regulatory requirements (typically, inter-pole insulation resistance should be very high, pole-to-case insulation resistance > 1000MΩ). Must be fully discharged before and after testing!

• Dissipation Factor (tanδ) Measurement: Can be performed if conditions allow, which is more sensitive in reflecting internal capacitor insulation moisture or deterioration. Should not show significant increase compared to factory or previous measurement values.

• Reactor Inspection:

• Check coil appearance for overheating, discoloration, insulation aging, or damage.

• Check if core (if present) fasteners are loose.

• Measure winding DC resistance, which should not show significant difference compared to factory or previous values (considering temperature influence).

• Measure insulation resistance.

• Discharge Device Check:

• Check discharge coil appearance and wiring.

• Verify discharge performance (under safety regulation permission, simulate operation to verify residual voltage drop speed).

• Switching Equipment Maintenance:

• Check vacuum interrupter appearance.

• Check if operating mechanism operates flexibly and reliably; apply appropriate lubricant to lubrication points.

• Measure main circuit contact resistance.

• Perform mechanical characteristic tests (opening/closing time, synchronism, bounce, stroke, etc.).

• Protection Device Calibration: Calibrate settings and perform transmission tests for overcurrent, unbalance, overvoltage, undervoltage, etc., according to regulations to ensure accurate and reliable operation. Check fuse appearance and indicator status.

• Controller Check: Check if display, buttons, and communication are normal; verify sampling accuracy (compare voltage, current, power factor, etc., with standard meter); check if switching logic is correct.

2.3 Special Maintenance

• Harmonic Environment: If the system has serious harmonics, strengthen monitoring of temperature rise of capacitors and reactors (infrared thermography), conduct regular harmonic tests, ensure tuning point settings are reasonable to avoid resonance. Add filtering devices if necessary.

• Frequent Switching: Strengthen inspection of contact wear of vacuum contactors/circuit breakers, shorten their maintenance cycle.

• After Faults: After protection operation (especially fuse blowout or unbalance protection operation), the cause must be thoroughly identified, damaged components replaced, and comprehensive inspection and testing completed before re-energization.

2.4 Safety Precautions (Most Important!)

• Strictly enforce the "Two Tickets and Three Systems": Work Ticket, Operation Ticket; Shift Handover System, Patrol Inspection System, Equipment Periodic Testing and Rotation System.

• Power-Off, Voltage Test, Grounding: Before any maintenance work, the power source must be reliably disconnected (including possible back-feeding from PT secondary side), use a qualified voltage tester to confirm absence of voltage, and install grounding wires at both ends of the work location. The capacitor bank must be fully discharged using a dedicated grounding rod and grounded before contact!

• Dedicated Supervisor: Operation and maintenance of high-voltage equipment must have a dedicated supervisor.

• Use Qualified Tools and Protection: Use tools with qualified insulation rating, wear insulating gloves, insulating boots, and other safety protective equipment.

• Residual Voltage Awareness: Even after discharge, use a grounding rod to short-circuit capacitor terminals again before contact.

2.5 Record Keeping and Analysis

• Record data from each inspection, maintenance, and test in detail (capacitance value, insulation resistance, temperature, protection action information, etc.).

• Establish equipment files, perform trend analysis, and promptly identify potential defects.

• Record abnormal conditions and handling processes.

3. Reference for Key Maintenance Intervals

• Daily Inspection: Daily or weekly (depending on importance and operating environment).

• Periodic Cleaning and Inspection (without power-off): Monthly or quarterly.

• Periodic Maintenance (with power-off): Once to twice a year (combined with preventive testing).

• Capacitor Capacitance/Insulation Resistance Measurement: Conducted during power-off maintenance; once within one year of commissioning, then once every 1–2 years.

• Protection Device Calibration: Once a year.

• Switching Equipment Characteristic Test: Combined with power-off maintenance, once every 1–2 years or when operation count reaches a certain value.

4. Notes

• Ambient Temperature: The operating ambient temperature of capacitors must not exceed the specified upper limit (typically -40°C ~ +45°C), avoid direct sunlight.

• Overvoltage: Capacitors can operate long-term at 1.1 times the rated voltage; avoid prolonged overvoltage operation.

• Overcurrent: Capacitors can operate long-term at 1.3 times the rated current (considering harmonic and overvoltage effects).

• Harmonics: Harmonics are one of the main causes of capacitor damage. The system harmonic background must be considered during design, and the reactor ratio configured reasonably. Strengthen harmonic monitoring during operation.