Bîhoka Têkiliyê ya Substansiyên 500 kV Pêşgotin û Substansiyên Tradîsyonel

Birraşên yekemînî yên substaşyonên cûrî yên destpêkirî yên beton dibe û ya sertikên berdestî yên çalak, bi pirseyên çendî yên serbexistina xebitandî, dizayna herêmên wanke, derbarandina baxtar, axa, çilker û naha. Yekemîn û duvemîn birraşan tenha li viriya civîl û çalkirinê dest pêk kirin, ku efîsîyeya çalakîya wereqet.

Substaşyonên kabinên piştîbirî yên modulan, akelî û kefî şeşavdan, vê avantajên wêşî, kesandî û efîsîyeya hewne. Wan pirseyên substaşyonên cûrî yên bikaranîna berhêja, demê zêde, çalakîya derbarandina baxtara, wek û nekîna wergerîn.

Kabîna piştîbirî yên 500 kV di navbera panelên jifteya serîk û materialên depolînên newa de ve hatîn. Ev materialan operasyona birraşan bixweber bibin û têkiliyê wergerînin. Ev nivîsînê studiyek da dibêje li ser rûniyeta, parastina derdî, HVAC, û sistemên parastina derdî yên kabinên piştîbirî, û bi herêmên substaşyonên cûrî yên vegerînîn da parametrekan bihin bike ji bo strategî û derbarandina vegere.

1 Rûniyeta Herêmî
1.1 Rûniyeta Plank

Di substaşyonên 500 kV de, parastina rêxeyên 220 kV, parastina difrensyelya bus, parastina brikarîna bus - coupler û panelên mînim û kontrola hemî yên integrasyon kirin û li kabinên piştîbirî yên duvemîn (ji bo rûniyeta têkiliyê yên panelan, wergerîna Fig. 1). Kabinên piştîbirî yên duvemîn li navbera herêmên birraşan GIS (Gas-Insulated Switchgear) yên 220 kV da dest pêk kirin.

Bi qeyda herêmên parastina û kontrola duvemîn yên cûrî, kabinên piştîbirî yên duvemîn serbestiya dest pêka, serbestiya serestina û serbestiya kerdena panelên parastina û kontrola û sistemên rojîn û HVAC (Heating, Ventilation and Air-Conditioning) da bibin, ku demê çalakîya zêde dikin.

1.2 Estructura del Prefabricado

Kabîna piştîbirî yên derveyî yên fiber cement (FC) panelan ve hatîn. Divêrên steel-framed ên di navbera kolonên H-shaped steel da, ku li navbera C-type weathering steel an channel steel da support dibin. Qatên divêr, ji derveyî ji bilawê, hatîn: 12 mm FC panelan, polyethylene seals, 2 mm cold-rolled steel plates, rock-wool-filled skeletons, û 4 mm aluminum-plastic panels. Çarda stînless-steel herringbone bi frame'a weld dibin, û drainage bilateral li ser çarda hatîn. Li binî çarda rock-wool-insulated ceiling hatîn.

Enclosure vacuum insulation panels û phase-change materials (PCM) hatîn. Vacuum panels energy use summer AC-yan dikin 25% û winter use dikin 50%. PCM's phase-change properties temperatures balance, heat absorbing by day û releasing it at night.

1.3 Internal Wiring of the Prefabricated Cabin

Kabinên piştîbirî yên cable wiring concealed internal adopt dibin. A binding wire net or trough-box structure is arranged in the bottom interlayer of the cabin, used for fixing and binding cables and optical cables. The trough-box structure has an upper and a lower layer, enabling separate laying of cables and optical cables. The bottom structure of the prefabricated cabin is shown in 

1.3 Internal Wiring of the Prefabricated Cabin

Kabinên piştîbirî yên cable wiring concealed internal adopt dibin. A binding wire net or trough-box structure is arranged in the bottom interlayer of the cabin, used for fixing and binding cables and optical cables. The trough-box structure has an upper and a lower layer, enabling separate laying of cables and optical cables. The bottom structure of the prefabricated cabin is shown in Figure 2.

In addition, cable troughs for power cables are also set in the interlayers around the cabin near the walls, achieving the physical separation of strong and weak electricity. The cabin manufacturer shall strictly follow the specified cable types to lay all cables from the terminals to the distribution boxes, ensuring the standardization and consistency of wiring.

In addition, cable troughs for power cables are also set in the interlayers around the cabin near the walls, achieving the physical separation of strong and weak electricity. The cabin manufacturer shall strictly follow the specified cable types to lay all cables from the terminals to the distribution boxes, ensuring the standardization and consistency of wiring.

2 Waterproof and Sealing Performance
2.1 Conventional Substations

The roof waterproof performance of conventional substations depends on both the roof shape and the selected waterproof materials. The roof shapes are mainly divided into flat roofs and sloped roofs; there are two main types of waterproof material solutions:

• Solution 1: Adopt the “two - cloth and four - oil” anti - corrosion and waterproof process. First, apply waterproof coatings such as polyurethane and epoxy resin on the inner layer, then lay fine - aggregate concrete, lay a foam plastic insulation layer on the outer layer, and finally level it with cement mortar.

• Solution 2: Based on fine - aggregate concrete pouring, first lay steel fiber cloth and level it with cement mortar inside. Then lay polymer waterproofing membranes on the insulation layer, and finally perform slab pouring and slope - finding treatment.

2.2 Prefabricated Cabin - Type Substations

Compared with conventional substations, the external facade of prefabricated cabin - type substations uses cement fiber boards. The top is a stainless - steel herringbone sloped roof (with a slope of 5%), and the sloped roof is welded integrally with the cabin frame. As a new - type building material, cement fiber boards have excellent fire - resistance and flame - retardancy properties, and are easy to install, efficient in installation, and convenient for later - stage maintenance.

The top drainage of prefabricated cabin - type substations is divided into two forms: centralized drainage and natural drainage:

• Centralized drainage: A water - collecting trough is set on the cabin roof, and drain pipes are equipped at the four corners of the cabin. Rainwater is discharged through the drain pipes.

• Natural drainage: A dripping eave is set on the cabin roof, and no drain pipes are set around.
  For the drainage layout, see Figure 3.

3 HVAC System
3.1 Conventional Substation

The relay protection room of a conventional substation uses wall - mounted/split cabinet - type air conditioners with exhaust devices. Fire actions trigger interlocking to cut off HVAC, which auto - restarts after power recovery for continuity.

3.2 Prefabricated Cabin - Type Substation

Equipment in the secondary prefabricated cabin has these traits:

• Dense & high heat : Many protection, measurement - control, and power panels generate continuous heat, raising cabin temp.

• Frequent air exchange : Routine 2 - 3 - day inspections (per “Five Unifications”) mean personnel enter/exit often, disturbing internal humidity.

• Uneven heat : Concentrated heat from protection devices/switches causes temp & humidity differences, needing ventilation.

Solutions:

• Passive insulation : Rock wool fills wall layers (Figure 4(a)) and reflective coatings outside (Figure 4(b)) cut heat transfer.

• Active control : Industrial ACs and exhaust fans on both sides balance temp/humidity, reducing condensation.

4 Fire Safety

A building’s fire - resistance depends on components like walls/columns/beams. The fire - resistance rating is the time materials take to lose load - bearing/fire - insulating function under a standard temperature curve. Buildings must meet Code for Fire Protection Design of Buildings; material specs (thickness, etc.) determine this.

4.1 Conventional Substations

Their secondary relay protection/control rooms use reinforced concrete, with minimum fire - resistance Class II and fire hazard Category Wu (non - combustible - related). Equipped with mature fire gear, they meet requirements. Load - bearing walls: non - cohesive porous bricks (5.5h designed, 2.5h min). Columns: reinforced concrete (3h designed, 2.5h min).

4.2 Prefabricated Cabin - Type Substations

Cabins use steel welding, walls filled with non - combustibles, pre - installed fire alarms/probes/gear. Over 500°C, steel loses rigidity/strength, deforms, risking collapse. This makes their fire performance worse than conventional substations.

5 Conclusion

Conventional substations have mature standards (design, insulation, fire inspection) but face civil - work, long - cycle, season - impact issues. Prefabricated cabins, with small footprint, short cycle, flexible layout, are key for modular design.

Still early - stage, prefabricated cabins lack full verification (moisture, fire) and national inspection standards, posing fire risks. So, focus on their fire design, inspection, and operation/maintenance.