Tambayar Gargajiya na Makarantun 500 kV Daban-Dabba da Makarantun Yau Daidai

Aiki na gaban saman da ke cikin makarantar masu yawan karamin zafi ko karamin kwaikwayo, suna da matsalolin da suka shafi tsari, tushen masana'antu mai baya, sassan inganci, fuskantar harsuna, nisa, da kuma jirgin halitta. Ba za a iya sauti karamin zafi da karamin kwaikwayo har zuwa idan an yi tasiri a kan darasi da kuma ziyartar gida, wanda ya haifar da kyauwarsa a cikin karatu.

Masu yawan saman makaranta ta hanyar kwaikwayo suna da muhimmancin maimaita, fahimta, da kuma cin bayanai, suna da fa'idon da suke da dama, yanayi, da kuma kyauwar kyakkyawar. Suna da abubuwan da suke jagoranci masu yawan saman masu yawan karamin zafi, kamar hanyoyin sadarwa, lokutan lokaci, sakamakon da ba a da shi, abubuwan da suke rage, da kuma kyauwarsa.

A cikin masu yawan saman makaranta 500 kV ta hanyar kwaikwayo, an amfani da karamin zafi mai tsari mai sauƙi da karamin zafi mai sauƙi da magungunan kayayyakin. Wannan karamin zafi ne ke amfani a cikin sautin kayan aiki, tare da kuma ziyartar gida, kafin ya haifar da sadarwa. Littattafan ya bincike tushen masu yawan saman, ziyartar gida, HVAC, da kuma tushen kusurwa, kuma ya bandar da su da tushen masu yawan saman masu yawan karamin zafi don bayar da parametarin don aiki da kuma kusurwa a baya.

1 Tushen Duka
1.1 Tushen Tsakiyar Dukkan

A cikin masu yawan saman 500 kV, ƙaramin zafi 220 kV, ƙaramin zafi ƙungiyar bus, ƙaramin zafi ƙungiyar section-bus-coupler, da kuma panan ƙaramin zafi da karamin kwaikwayo suna daɗe da su a ƙaramin zafi ta hanyar kwaikwayo (don ƙarin bayani game da tushen panan, taka Figure 1). Wannan ƙaramin zafi ta hanyar kwaikwayo ta daɗe a cikin ƙungiyar gas-insulated switchgear (GIS) 220 kV.

Kafin tara hanyoyin ƙaramin zafi masu yawan karamin zafi, ƙaramin zafi ta hanyar kwaikwayo ta daɗe da ƙaramin zafi, ƙaramin kwaikwayo, ƙaramin ziyartar gida, da kuma ƙaramin HVAC (Heating, Ventilation and Air-Conditioning) suka shiga a lokacin da suka shiga, suka fitowa, da kuma suka bukata, wanda ya haifar da lokutan lokaci.

1.2 Tushen Ƙaramin Zafi Ta Hanyar Kwaikwayo

Gaban ƙaramin zafi ta hanyar kwaikwayo ana amfani da panan fiber cement (FC). Kafin ƙaramin zafi na ƙwarewa, akwai ƙaramin H-shape steel da mayar 3 m, da C-type weathering steel ko channel steel don taimaka. Layukan panan, daga ƙaramin tsakiyar zuwa ƙaramin rarrabe, sun hada da: 12-mm FC panan, polyethylene seals, 2-mm cold-rolled steel plates, rock-wool-filled skeletons, da 4-mm aluminum-plastic panan. Gaba mai hanyar stainless-steel herringbone ta sauƙi da ƙaramin ƙwarewa, tare da ziyartar gida mai sauƙi a gaba. A ƙaramin rarrabe, akwai rock-wool-insulated ceiling.

Akwai vacuum insulation panels da phase-change materials (PCM) a cikin ƙaramin zafi. Vacuum panels sun haifar da sadarwa ta AC a ranar ƙarami da 25% da kuma a ranar dambe da 50%. PCM suna da abubuwan da suke sauƙi da tsari, suna daɗe da heat a ranar, kuma suna fi shi a ranar.

1.3 Ziyartar Gida Da Ƙaramin Zafi Ta Hanyar Kwaikwayo

A cikin ƙaramin zafi ta hanyar kwaikwayo, ana amfani da ziyartar gida mai sauƙi. Ana sanya wire net ko trough-box structure a ƙaramin rarrabe ƙaramin zafi, don sauti da kuma bind cables da optical cables. Trough-box structure na ƙaramin tsakiyar da ƙaramin rarrabe, tare da ake iya sauti cables da optical cables. Tushen ƙaramin rarrabe ƙaramin zafi ta hanyar kwaikwayo ta nan ta nan a Figure 2.

Duk da haka, akwai cable troughs don power cables a ƙaramin rarrabe ƙaramin zafi, tare da ake iya sauti strong da weak electricity. Ƙaramin zafi ta hanyar kwaikwayo ya kamata ya yi daidai don layi kable da kable types da aka bayar, don haifar da standardization da consistency.

Duk da haka, akwai cable troughs don power cables a ƙaramin rarrabe ƙaramin zafi, tare da ake iya sauti strong da weak electricity. Ƙaramin zafi ta hanyar kwaikwayo ya kamata ya yi daidai don layi kable da kable types da aka bayar, don haifar da standardization da consistency.

2 Kyayyalar Gida Da Ziyartar Gida
2.1 Masu Yawan Saman Makaranta Masu Yawan Karamin Zafi

Kyayyalar gida a cikin masu yawan saman masu yawan karamin zafi ta shafi tsarin gaba da kuma abubuwan da suke sauƙi da kyayyalar gida. Tsarin gaba suna daɗe da flat roofs da sloped roofs; akwai abubuwan da suke sauƙi da kyayyalar gida:

• Solution 1: Amfani da “two-cloth and four-oil” anti-corrosion da waterproof process. Kafin, apply waterproof coatings kamar polyurethane da epoxy resin a ƙaramin tsakiyar, sannan lay fine-aggregate concrete, lay foam plastic insulation layer a ƙaramin rarrabe, da kuma level it with cement mortar.

• Solution 2: Based on fine-aggregate concrete pouring, first lay steel fiber cloth and level it with cement mortar inside. Then lay polymer waterproofing membranes on the insulation layer, and finally perform slab pouring and slope-finding treatment.

2.2 Ƙaramin Zafi Ta Hanyar Kwaikwayo

Kafin tara masu yawan saman masu yawan karamin zafi, ƙaramin zafi ta hanyar kwaikwayo ana amfani da cement fiber boards. Gaba ta ƙaramin zafi ta hanyar kwaikwayo ta nan ta nan ta da stainless-steel herringbone sloped roof (da slope 5%), da kuma gaba ta sauƙi da ƙaramin ƙwarewa. Cement fiber boards, wadannan abubuwan da suke sauƙi da fire-resistance da flame-retardancy properties, da kuma ana iya amfani, efficient in installation, da kuma convenient for later-stage maintenance.

Ziyartar gida a cikin ƙaramin zafi ta hanyar kwaikwayo suna daɗe da centralized drainage da natural drainage:

• Centralized drainage: Water-collecting trough ta da a gaba ƙaramin zafi, da drain pipes ta da a farkon ƙaramin zafi. Rainwater ta fitowa a kan drain pipes.

• Natural drainage: Dripping eave ta da a gaba ƙaramin zafi, da kuma ba a da drain pipes a kan ƙaramin zafi.
  Don layout, taka Figure 3.

3 HVAC System
3.1 Conventional Substation

Relay protection room of a conventional substation uses wall-mounted/split cabinet-type air conditioners with exhaust devices. Fire actions trigger interlocking to cut off HVAC, which auto-restarts after power recovery for continuity.

3.2 Prefabricated Cabin-Type Substation

Equipment in the secondary prefabricated cabin has these traits:

• Dense & high heat : Many protection, measurement-control, and power panels generate continuous heat, raising cabin temp.

• Frequent air exchange : Routine 2-3-day inspections (per “Five Unifications”) mean personnel enter/exit often, disturbing internal humidity.

• Uneven heat : Concentrated heat from protection devices/switches causes temp & humidity differences, needing ventilation.

Solutions:

• Passive insulation : Rock wool fills wall layers (Figure 4(a)) and reflective coatings outside (Figure 4(b)) cut heat transfer.

• Active control : Industrial ACs and exhaust fans on both sides balance temp/humidity, reducing condensation.

4 Fire Safety

A building’s fire-resistance depends on components like walls/columns/beams. The fire-resistance rating is the time materials take to lose load-bearing/fire-insulating function under a standard temperature curve. Buildings must meet Code for Fire Protection Design of Buildings; material specs (thickness, etc.) determine this.

4.1 Conventional Substations

Their secondary relay protection/control rooms use reinforced concrete, with minimum fire-resistance Class II and fire hazard Category Wu (non-combustible-related). Equipped with mature fire gear, they meet requirements. Load-bearing walls: non-cohesive porous bricks (5.5h designed, 2.5h min). Columns: reinforced concrete (3h designed, 2.5h min).

4.2 Prefabricated Cabin-Type Substations

Cabins use steel welding, walls filled with non-combustibles, pre-installed fire alarms/probes/gear. Over 500°C, steel loses rigidity/strength, deforms, risking collapse. This makes their fire performance worse than conventional substations.

5 Conclusion

Conventional substations have mature standards (design, insulation, fire inspection) but face civil-work, long-cycle, season-impact issues. Prefabricated cabins, with small footprint, short cycle, flexible layout, are key for modular design.

Still early-stage, prefabricated cabins lack full verification (moisture, fire) and national inspection standards, posing fire risks. So, focus on their fire design, inspection, and operation/maintenance.