چەندێک لە خراپیەکانی زۆر بەرەبر دەبێتە دەست کاتێک ئامێرەکانی پاشەکووتنی نەرجی بەشداری و بازرگانی دەڕێژنە شوێن؟

Weh daxwazên nû yên bîrkarê, serkeftina wekheviya cihên destpêkirina wêj ên karker û endametî were li ser asta xebata werzê û afyara ekonomî yên kompaniyaya. Bi çêdina hêsan bi rêza taybetandina cihên destpêkirina wêj ên karker û endametî, reyê vekirina malperê hatiye werin parastîna factor yekêm li ser serbestiya berdestan. Li gor data ya Komeley Elektrik ya Çîn, di salê 2023 de, hejmarê virankirina nefesandinên planker hatiye ku ji 57% da ve herfi kir, û ji wan 80% ji çewabên wek çavkanên cih, anormallîyên sistem û integrasyonên gav derket. Di salem ser deme min di navbera pratîka pêşdestandîna cihên destpêkirina wêj ên karker û endametî de, min bi çewabên zeyada sistemê serestî. Eken, min daxwazim li ser rastînan bibînim û bibînim li ser rewşa çewabên her subsistem û çareserkirina wan bi karîna destpêkirina wêj ên karker û endametî.

1. Rewş û Analîzê Serkeftina Cihên Destpêkirina Wêj

Cihên destpêkirina wêj, wekî unita destpêkirina navenda cihên destpêkirina wêj, serkeftina wan direkta were li ser performansa guherazê.

1.1 Qusûlê Cihan

Qusûlê cihan yekan ji rewşên herêmîn a cihên destpêkirina wêj ên karker û endametî, bi rêza gelekînê ya jimarê, zêdetir bingeh û qusûlê dengeyê. Di şopandinên min di şahînda, li gor data ya 2023, pas 2.5 salê xizmet, qusûlê kapasiteya bataryaya ferro fosfatê li lithiyum hatiye 28%, û bataryaya trî litium hatiye 41%, ku çend dibêje biçûmanê. Ev qusûl li ser çend factorên wek qusûlê materyala cihan, guhertina struktûra pol û parçinên elektrolitê, ku ji bo reyê hatiye zêdetir qusûlê kapasiteya cihan û zêdetir reyê performansa guherazê.

1.2 Berfermîna Zerdî

Berfermîna zerdî yekan ji rewşên herêmîn a cihên destpêkirina wêj. Ji dema ku darî, divê xwar û tu ya dilê bike. Di şopandinên min di navbera karên emergencî de, berfermîna zerdî li ser çend factorên wek guhertina temperatûra nefermî. Ji dema ku temperatûra navenda cihan 120°C ve bigire, dikare reaksiyonê ya lantîn bike. Mînak, di projeyek cihên destpêkirina wêj ên karker û endametî min di navbera wê de, fersa temperatûra modula cihan 15°C ve bigere, ku mekanîzmê ya BMS ve bike û sisteman dikare serkefte bike. Indûktorên berfermîna zerdî jîne over-charging, over-discharging, short-circuit-ê navenda, micro-short-circuit-ê navenda û zarînên mekanîkî. Lê zêdetir, inconstancy navenda cihan yekan ji factorên riskî yên bermî.

1.3 Oxidation û Zarînên Connectorên Cihan

Oxidation û zarînên connectorên cihan rewşên herêmîn a cihên destpêkirina wêj ên karker û endametî, lê hêsan dikare were bibirin. Di navbera mîvanên mehî û şopandinên min di navbera projeyên derbistî de, connectorên cihan li ser çend factorên wek oxidation, ku ji bo reyê hatiye zêdetir resistanceya temsîl û zêdetir reyê xwar û berfermîna zerdî. Mînak, di "return of southern humidity" de Guangdong, pir ziyaretên condensed water di navên çend energy storage cabinets de, ku connectorên oxidation û serkefte bike. Li ser bila, leakage ên elektroliti û gas evolution navenda cihan jîne rewşên herêmîn, ku dikare were performansa cihan bikin û xweştiyên safe bike.

2. Rewş û Analîzê Serkeftina Battery Management System (BMS)

BMS yekan wekî "brain" ya cihên destpêkirina wêj, li ser monitoring, protection û managementa state ya cihan.

2.1 Communication Failures

Communication failures yekan rewşên herêmîn a BMS, ku 34% ji failures ên BMS-re. Di navbera karkirina debugging ên roja min, communication failures li ser çend factorên wek inability ên BMS bi systema upper-level interaction normal, unable to transmit battery state data or receive control commands. Ev li ser çend factorên wek CAN bus interference, poor connector contact, and protocol incompatibility. Mînak, di projeyek cihên destpêkirina wêj ên karker û endametî, protocol between BMS and PLC was incompatible, resulting in the inability to correctly execute charging and discharging commands, and the system efficiency decreased by more than 20%.

2.2 SOC/SOH Estimation Deviation

SOC/SOH estimation deviation yekan rewşên herêmîn a BMS. Di projeyên min di navbera wê de, if the SOC estimation error exceeds 8%, it will cause the charging to terminate too early or too late, affecting battery life and system efficiency. The SOC estimation deviation is mainly caused by factors such as temperature influence, battery inconsistency, insufficient current sensor accuracy, and algorithm defects. For example, in an energy storage project in a high - temperature environment, the SOC estimation error of BMS was as high as 12%, resulting in the battery not being fully utilized and seriously affecting the revenue.

2.3 Firmware Version Conflicts and Software Defects

Firmware version conflicts and software defects are also common problems of BMS. With the improvement of the intelligence level of energy storage systems, the complexity of software increases, and software vulnerabilities and compatibility issues become increasingly prominent. For example, Tesla Model 3 once had a situation where the BMS firmware version V12.7.1 was incompatible with the control system, resulting in abnormal charging for 12% of car owners. In addition, the degradation of BMS sensor accuracy and abnormal data collection are also common faults, which may be caused by factors such as sensor aging, electromagnetic interference, and signal transmission problems.

3. Common Faults and Cause Analysis of Power Conversion System (PCS)

PCS is the core equipment for electric energy conversion in the energy storage system, responsible for converting direct current to alternating current or vice versa.

3.1 Efficiency Decline

Efficiency decline is the most common problem of PCS, mainly manifested as a decrease in charging and discharging conversion efficiency. In the actual measurement work I have done, according to test data, the average charging conversion efficiency of traditional two - level PCS is 95% (above 30% load), and the discharge conversion efficiency is 96% (above 30% load); while the PCS using T - type three - level inverters has an average charging conversion efficiency of 95.5% (above 30% load) and a discharge conversion efficiency of 96.5% (above 30% load). The efficiency decline is usually caused by factors such as aging of IGBT/MOSFET modules, poor heat dissipation, and unreasonable control strategies. For example, in a commercial and industrial energy storage project, PCS was operated at high temperatures for a long time, resulting in aging of IGBT modules, the efficiency dropped to below 93%, and the system revenue decreased by 15%.

3.2 Overload Protection Failure

Overload protection failure is another common fault of PCS, which may lead to equipment damage or even fire. In the fault handling cases I have experienced, overload protection failure is usually caused by factors such as unreasonable design of the protection circuit, degradation of sensor accuracy, and control logic errors. For example, in an energy storage project, PCS failed to trigger overload protection in time when the load increased suddenly, resulting in capacitor burnout, the system was out of service for 2 days, and the loss exceeded 100,000 yuan. In addition, inverter faults, excessive harmonics, and unstable output voltage/current are also common problems of PCS, which may be caused by factors such as component aging, poor heat dissipation, and control algorithm defects.

3.3 Insufficient Anti - corrosion Grade

Insufficient anti - corrosion grade is a special fault of PCS in commercial and industrial energy storage systems, especially in coastal or high - humidity areas. In the projects I have been to in Guangdong, insufficient anti - corrosion grade will lead to PCB board corrosion, oxidation of wiring terminals, and performance degradation of components. For example, in a commercial and industrial energy storage project in Guangdong, due to insufficient anti - corrosion grade of PCS, during the "return of southern humidity", the PCB board was corroded, resulting in abnormal multi - channel signals and the system could not operate normally.

4. Common Faults and Cause Analysis of Temperature Control Systems

The temperature control system is the key to ensuring the safe operation of the energy storage system, mainly divided into air - cooling and liquid - cooling schemes.

4.1 Poor Heat Dissipation

Poor heat dissipation is the most common problem of the temperature control system, which may lead to an increase in battery temperature, a decrease in efficiency, and a shortening of service life. In the thermal management projects I have participated in, according to research, for every 10°C increase in battery temperature, its cycle life will be shortened by about 50%. Poor heat dissipation is usually caused by factors such as radiator fouling, fan failures, unreasonable air duct design, and high ambient temperature. For example, in a commercial and industrial energy storage project, due to radiator fouling, the battery temperature exceeded 45°C, triggering BMS protection, the system efficiency decreased by 18%, and the revenue decreased by about 80,000 yuan/year.

4.2 Liquid - Cooling System Leakage

Liquid - cooling system leakage is one of the most dangerous faults in the temperature control system. Leakage will not only lead to insufficient coolant and affect the heat dissipation effect but also may cause battery short - circuit and electrical faults. In the maintenance work of liquid - cooling systems I have done, liquid - cooling system leakage is usually caused by factors such as seal aging, pipeline vibration rupture, and connector loosening. For example, in an energy storage cabinet of an LNG receiving station, due to the aging of the liquid - cooling pipeline seals, coolant leakage occurred, a large amount of condensed water appeared inside the cabinet, and the system shut down frequently. According to test data, the hardness of PTFE seals increases from 65 Shore D at room temperature to 85 Shore D at - 70°C, and the compression rebound rate decreases by 40%, which is the main cause of leakage.

4.3 Uneven Temperature Control

Uneven temperature control is a common problem in liquid - cooling systems, which may lead to the aggravation of internal inconsistency of the battery pack. In the liquid - cooling system design projects I have participated in, uneven temperature control is usually caused by factors such as unreasonable design of liquid - cooling pipelines, uneven flow distribution, and control algorithm defects. For example, in a commercial and industrial energy storage project, the unreasonable design of liquid - cooling pipelines led to a temperature difference of more than 10°C in the battery pack, accelerating battery aging and shortening the system life by 30%.

5. Common Faults and Cause Analysis of Energy Management System (EMS)

EMS is the "commander" of the energy storage system, responsible for system operation strategy optimization and energy dispatching.

5.1 Algorithm Defects

Algorithm defects are the most common problem of EMS, which may lead to unreasonable charging and discharging strategies and reduced revenue. In the energy management optimization projects I have participated in, for example, in a commercial and industrial energy storage project, the EMS algorithm defects led to the inability to accurately predict the optimal charging and discharging timing when electricity prices fluctuated frequently, and the annual revenue decreased by about 15%. Algorithm defects are usually caused by factors such as inaccurate models, insufficient historical data, and unreasonable parameter settings.

5.2 Communication Interruption

Communication interruption is another common fault of EMS, which may lead to the system being unable to receive upper - level commands or upload operation data. In the communication debugging work I have done, communication interruption is usually caused by factors such as protocol incompatibility, network interference, and hardware failures. For example, in a commercial and industrial energy storage project, the communication protocol between EMS and the power grid dispatching system was incompatible.

When electricity prices changed in real - time, the charging and discharging strategies could not be adjusted in time, resulting in a reduction of more than 20% in arbitrage revenue. In addition, data security vulnerabilities are also common problems of EMS, which may lead to system attacks or data leakage. According to 2023 data, three data leakage incidents related to MOVEit attacks ranked among the top ten data leakage incidents, affecting more than one million people.

In the actual operation and maintenance of commercial and industrial energy storage systems, we front - line practitioners need to accurately identify these fault types, deeply understand their causes, and then take targeted solutions. Only in this way can we ensure the stable operation of the system, improve energy utilization efficiency, and help enterprises achieve better economic benefits while contributing to the construction of a new power system.