Free Expert Guides on Power Systems, Circuit Design & Electrical Troubleshooting

How to Measure Electrical Energy?Electrical Energy DefinitionElectrical energy is defined as the product of electrical power and time, measured in joules (J). E is the electrical energy in joules (J) P is the electrical power in watts (W) t is the time in seconds (s)Electrical energy and power are closely related concepts. Electrical power is the amount of electrical current that flows through a circuit due to a certain voltage difference across it. Electrical power is also the rate at which ele

What is Voltage Controlled Oscillator?Voltage Controlled Oscillator DefinitionA voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) is defined as an oscillator whose output frequency is controlled by an input voltage.Working PrincipleVCO circuits can be designed by means of many voltage control electronic components such as varactor diodes, transistors, Op-amps etc. Here, we are going to discuss about the working of a VCO using Op-amps. The circuit diagram is shown below.The output waveform of this VCO will be

What is a Gunn Diode Oscillator?Gunn Diode Oscillator A Gunn Diode Oscillator (also known as a Gunn oscillators or transferred electron device oscillator) are a cheap source of microwave power and comprise of Gunn diode or transferred electron device (TED) as their major component. They perform a similiar funciton as Reflex Klystron Oscillators.In Gunn oscillators, the Gunn diode will be placed in a resonant cavity. A Gunn oscillator is comprised of two major components: (i) A DC bias and (ii) A

RC Phase Shift OscillatorAn RC phase shift oscillator is defined as an electronic circuit that uses resistor-capacitor (RC) networks to produce a consistent oscillating output signal.RC phase-shift oscillators use resistor-capacitor (RC) network (Figure 1) to provide the phase-shift required by the feedback signal. They have excellent frequency stability and can yield a pure sine wave for a wide range of loads.Ideally a simple RC network is expected to have an output which leads the input by 90

What is a Clapp Oscillator?Clapp Oscillator A Clapp oscillator (also known as a Gouriet oscillator) is an LC electronic oscillator that uses a particular combination of an inductor and three capacitors to set the oscillator’s frequency (see circuit diagram below). LC oscillators use a transistor (or vacuum tube or other gain element) and a positive feedback network.A Clapp oscillator is a type of Colpitts oscillator with an extra capacitor (C3) added in series with the inductor in the tank circu

Tuned Collector Oscillator DefinitionA tuned collector oscillator is defined as an LC oscillator that uses a tank circuit and a transistor to generate a periodic signal.Circuit Diagram ExplanationThe circuit diagram shows the tuned collector oscillator. The transformer and capacitor are connected to the transistor’s collector, producing a sine wave.R1 and R2 form the voltage divider bias for the transistor. Re refers to the emitter resistor and is there to provide thermal stability. Ce is used t

Bandwidth LimitOscilloscopes, like multimeter, are essential tools for understanding circuits. However, they have limitations. To use an oscilloscope effectively, it’s crucial to know these limitations and find ways to address them.A key feature of an oscilloscope is its bandwidth. Bandwidth determines how fast it can sample analog signals. What is bandwidth? Many think it’s the maximum frequency a scope can handle. Actually, bandwidth is the frequency where a signal’s amplitude drops by 3dB, or

What is Digital Storage Oscilloscope?Digital Storage OscilloscopeA digital oscilloscope is an instrument that stores a digital copy of waveforms in memory and uses digital signal processing to analyze them. It captures and displays non-repetitive signals until reset. In a digital storage oscilloscope, signals are received, stored, and then displayed. The maximum frequency measured depends on the sampling rate and the type of converter, which can be analog or digital. The traces are bright, highl

What is Double Beam Oscilloscope?Double Beam Oscilloscope DefinitionA double beam oscilloscope uses two electron beams to display signals on a single screen simultaneously.ConstructionThere are two individual vertical input channels for the two electron beams from different sources. Each channel has its own attenuator and pre-amplifier, allowing independent control of each beam’s amplitude.The two channels can have either common or independent time base circuits for different sweep rates. Each b

What is an Oscillator Transducer?Oscillator Transducer DefinitionAn oscillator transducer is a device that converts force, pressure, or displacement into a measurable voltage.Working PrincipleThe quantity to be measured like pressure is applied to the force summing device which transfers this pressure to mechanical linkage.Mechanical linkage responds according to the magnitude of the pressure.Mechanical linkage drives the dielectric medium inside the capacitor.The movement of the dielectric medi