Free Expert Guides on Power Systems, Circuit Design & Electrical Troubleshooting

Vector Group Test DefinitionThe vector group test of a transformer checks the phase sequence and angular difference to ensure transformers can operate in parallel.Vector Group Test of TransformerThe vector group of a transformer is essential for successful parallel operation of transformers. Every electrical power transformer must undergo a vector group test at the factory to ensure it matches the customer’s specified vector group.The phase sequence, or the order in which phases reach their peak

Transformer DefinitionA transformer is defined as an electrical device that transfers electrical energy between two or more circuits through electromagnetic induction.Theory of Transformer on No-LoadHaving No Winding Resistance and No Leakage ReactanceConsider a transformer with only core losses, meaning it has no copper loss or leakage reactance of transformer. When an alternating current source is applied to the primary, it supplies current to magnetize the core of transformer.But this current

Losses in TransformerAs the electrical transformer is a static device, mechanical loss in transformer normally does not come into picture. We generally consider only electrical losses in transformer.Loss in any machine is broadly defined as difference between input power and output power. When input power is supplied to the primary of transformer, some portion of that power is used to compensate core losses in transformer i.e. Hysteresis loss in transformer and Eddy current loss in transformer c

Leakage Reactance DefinitionIn a transformer, not all the flux links both the primary and secondary windings. Some flux links with only one winding, called leakage flux. This leakage flux causes self-reactance in the affected winding.This self-reactance is also known as leakage reactance. When combined with the transformer’s resistance, it forms impedance. This impedance causes voltage drops in both the primary and secondary windings.Resistance of TransformerThe primary and secondary windings of

Eddy Current DefinitionAccording to Lenz’s law, when a conducting loop is exposed to a changing magnetic field, it generates an emf that induces a current opposing the change. Similarly, when a magnetic field changes through a conducting body, like a filament or a slab, it causes currents to flow through the material’s cross-sections.These currents are given the name eddy currents after the water eddies that are small swirling whirlpools observed in lakes and oceans. These eddy current loops can

Routh Hurwitz Stability Criterion DefinitionIt is a method to determine the stability of a system using the characteristic equation.Hurwitz CriterionUsing the characteristic equation, we can create several Hurwitz determinants to determine the system’s stability. The characteristic equation of the system is defined as follows:There are n determinants for an nth order characteristic equation.Here is how to write determinants from the coefficients of the characteristic equation. Follow these steps

Root Locus Technique DefinedRoot locus in control system is a graphical approach used to analyze the effects of varying system parameters on the stability and performance of a control system.Advantages of Root Locus Technique Root locus technique in control system is easy to implement as compared to other methods. With the help of root locus we can easily predict the performance of the whole system. Root locus provides the better way to indicate the parameters.This article will frequently use sp

What is State Space Analysis?State Space Analysis DefinitionState space analysis of control systems is a method to analyze both simple and complex systems using a set of variables to describe their behavior over time.State Space EquationsLet us derive state space equations for the system which is linear and time invariant.Let us consider multiple inputs and multiple outputs system which has r inputs and m output.Where, r = u1, u2, u3 ……….. ur.And m = y1, y2 ……….. ym.Now we are taking n state var

Block Diagram DefinitionA block diagram is used to represent a control system in diagram form. In other words, the practical representation of a control system is its block diagram. Each element of the control system is represented with a block and the block is the symbolic representation of the transfer function of that element.It is not always convenient to derive a complex control system’s entire transfer function in a single function. It is easier to derive the transfer function of the contr

Transient Response of Control SystemAs the name suggests transient response of control system means changing so, this occurs mainly after two conditions and these two conditions are written as follows-Condition one : Just after switching ‘on’ the system that means at the time of application of an input signal to the system.Condition second : Just after any abnormal conditions. Abnormal conditions may include sudden change in the load, short circuiting etc.Steady State Response of Control SystemS