Free Expert Guides on Power Systems, Circuit Design & Electrical Troubleshooting

When dealing with parallel circuits, multiple branches are connected in parallel. Each branch contains components such as resistors, inductors, and capacitors, forming a series circuit within that branch. Each branch is first analyzed separately as a series circuit, and then the effects of all branches are combined.In circuit calculations, both the magnitude and phase angle of current and voltage are taken into account. When solving the circuit, the magnitudes and phase angles of voltages and cu

Definition: Optical fiber splicing is a technique employed to connect two optical fibers. In the realm of optical fiber communication, this technique is utilized to create long optical links, facilitating superior and long - distance optical signal transmission. Splicers are essentially couplers that establish a connection between two fibers or fiber bundles. When splicing two optical fibers, factors such as the fiber geometry, proper alignment, and mechanical strength must be considered.Optical

Definition of Step-Index FiberDefinition: A step-index fiber is a type of optical fiber classified based on its refractive index distribution. As an optical waveguide, it features a constant refractive index within the core and another constant refractive index within the cladding. Notably, the refractive index of the core is slightly higher than that of the cladding, with a sudden change occurring at the core-cladding interface—hence the term "step-index."The refractive index profile

The fraction of the magnetic flux generated by the current in one coil that links with the other coil is defined as the coefficient of coupling between the two coils, denoted byk.Consider two coils, coil A and coil B. When current passes through one coil, it generates magnetic flux. However, not all of this flux will link with the other coupled coil. This is due to leakage flux, and the proportion of the flux that does link is characterized by a factork, which is known as the coefficient of coup

Definition of Mutually Induced EMFDefinition: The electromotive force (EMF) induced in a coil due to the change in magnetic flux produced by a neighboring coil linked to it is termedmutually induced EMF. To understand this phenomenon, consider the following example:Take coil AB where coil B, having N2 turns, is placed in close proximity to coil A withN1turns, as illustrated in the figure below:Mutually Induced EMF ExplanationWhen switch (S) in the circuit is closed, current I1 flows through coil

Leakage Flux and Fringing Effect AnalysisDefinition: Leakage flux refers to the magnetic flux that deviates from the intended path in a magnetic circuit. This can be illustrated using a solenoid to distinguish between leakage flux and fringing effect:When current passes through a solenoid, most flux forms the main flux along the core axis, while a fraction leaks outside the coil without fully following the core path—this is leakage flux. In a long solenoid, leakage flux primarily occur

Definition of Parallel Magnetic CircuitA parallel magnetic circuit is defined as a magnetic pathway with two or more branches for magnetic flux, analogous to a parallel electric circuit. Such circuits feature multiple flux paths with varying cross-sectional areas and materials, each potentially composed of different magnetic components.Parallel Magnetic Circuit AnalysisThe figure above depicts a parallel magnetic circuit, where a current-carrying coil is wound around the central limb AB. This co

Background of Transformer EMF Equation DerivationWhen a sinusoidal voltage is applied to the transformer's primary winding, an alternating flux ϕmis induced in the iron core. This sinusoidal flux links both primary and secondary windings, with its functional form described by a sine function.Mathematical Derivation of Flux Rate of ChangeThe following outlines the derivation of the transformer's EMF equation, with defined parameters: ϕm: Maximum flux (Weber) f: Supply frequency (Hz) N1: Number of

Transformer Resistance and Reactance RepresentationResistance DefinitionThe resistance of a transformer refers to the internal resistance of its primary and secondary windings, denoted as R1 andR2. Corresponding reactances are X1 andX2, withKrepresenting the transformation ratio. To simplify calculations, impedances can be referred to either winding—either primary terms referred to the secondary side or vice versa.Voltage Drops in WindingsResistive and reactive voltage drops in primary

Definition of Peak ValueThe peak value of an alternating quantity refers to the maximum magnitude it reaches within one cycle. Also known as the maximum value, amplitude, or crest value, this parameter for a sinusoidal quantity occurs at 90 degrees, as illustrated in the figure below. Peak values of alternating voltage and current are denoted by Em andIm, respectively.Average Value of Alternating QuantitiesThe average value of an alternating voltage or current is defined as the mean of all insta