Principî Duyçûyî Partîkelyar

Bi xebitina Photoelectric effect, Crompton’s effect û Bohr’s model of atom, pêşkêşkirina rûniya yê di navbera particlên an Quanta deyîn wekhev bi serperestî çewtiye.
Lê, Prinsipê Huygens û neterên dîvêtê Young da ku ji hêla du taybetmendiyên slîta wergerandina rûniya bût, çi qateb kir ku rûniya wekî gav û nabe wekî destpêka particlên.

Netera interferenceyê ku ji hêla derketina rûniya bi du slîta wergerandin re hat wergerandîna ku rûniya wekî gav heye. Ev yeneke vêranda ku ji ber natûra rûniyê çawa kirin. Di salan 1704 de Newton da ku teorîya corpuscular ya ku natûra particlê ya rûniya pêşkêş kir.

Hiç yek ji du teoriyên ne hatiye piştguhkerî ku ji bo şerazana hemû fenomenên li wan re dest pêk kirin. Belê, ilmeger hatine girîng kirin ku rûniya natûra gav û particl de ye. Di salan 1924 de, fizîkzanê Fransî Louis de Broglie teorîya pêşkêş kir. Wergerandin ku hemû particlên di alandan de natûra gaviyê de ne, yani her çi di alandan de be it photon eku yane filan, hemû yên ne natûra gaviyê de ne, ew bêyîne ku natûra gaviyê becer bike an nabe.

Yê ku h Planck constant û p = mv, v velocity of the body.

Lê, ji ber massê mezin ê filan, momentumê wekî mezin û demê wavelengthê wekî qeçûn hatiye, ku niha ne becer bikin. Lê, particlên mezinan ku massên ne qeçûn, wavelengthê wekî becer bikin. Teorîya de Broglie da ku ji bo şerazana discrete existence of orbits in Bohr’s model of atom yar matir. Electron will exist in an orbit if its length is equal to integral multiple of its natural wavelength, if it is unable to complete its wavelength then that orbit will not exist.

Pêşkêşkirina elektron diffract from a crystal û patternê interferenceyê ku ji hêla bombardmenta double slit with electrons re hat wergerandin, teorîya de Broglie matter wave theory an wave particle duality theory.

Compton Effect

Di photoelectric effect de, rûniya ji hêla beam of particles called photons di nav metal re wergerandin. Enerjîya yek photon contributes the work function energy of one electron as well as provides the kinetic energy to that emitted electron. These photons are the particle like behavior of light wave. Sir Albert Einstein proposed that light is the collective effect of huge number of energy packets called photon where each photon contains energy of hf. Where h is the Planck constant and f is the frequency of the light. This is a particle like behavior of light wave. The particle like behavior of light-wave or other electromagnetic wave can be explained by Compton effect.

Di vê experimenta de, x ray beam of frequency fo and wavelength λo was incident on an electron. After hitting the electron by incident x-ray it is found that the electron and incident x-ray both are scattered into two different angles with respect to the axis of incident x-ray. This collision obeys the energy conversation principle just like collision of Newtonian’s particles. It was found that after the collision the electron gets accelerated in a particular direction and the incident x-ray is diffracted in another direction and it was also observed that diffracted ray has a different frequency and wavelength than the incident x-ray. As the energy of the photon varies with frequency it can be concluded that the incident x-ray losses an energy during collisions and the frequency of the diffracted ray is always less than that of the incident x-ray. This lost energy of x-ray photon contributes the kinetic energy for the movement of the electron. This collision of x-ray or its photon and electron is just like to Newtonian’s particles such as Billboard balls.

The energy of photon is given by

Therefore the momentum of the photon can be proved as

Which can be written as,

From equation (1) it can be concluded that a electromagnetic wave with wavelength λ will have the photon with momentum p.
From equation (2) it can be concluded that a particle with momentum p is associated with wavelength λ. That means wave has particle like characteristics, the particle on movement also exhibits wave like behaviour.

As we already said, this conclusion was first drawn by De Broglie and hence this is known as De Broglie hypothesis. As the wavelength of the moving particle is expressed as

Where, p is the momentum, h is Planck constant and wavelength λ is referred as De Broglie’s wavelength. De Broglie explained that as the electrons orbit around the nucleus it will also have the wave like behaviour along with its particle like characteristics.

Divission and Germer Experiment

The wave nature of electron can be proved and established in many different ways but most popular experiment is Divission and Germer in the year of 1927. In this experiment they used a beam of accelerated electrons which normally strikes on the surface of a nickel block. They observed the pattern of scattered electrons after striking on the nickel block. They used an electron density monitor for this purpose. Although it was expected that the electron should be scattered after collision in different angle with respect to the axis of the incident electron beam but in the actual experiment it was found that the density of scattered electrons was more at particular angles than other. This angular distribution of the scattered electrons is very similar to an interference that of light diffraction. Hence this experiment clearly shows the existence of wave particle duality of electrons. The same principle can be applied to the proton and neutrons too.

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