Matsayin darajoji aikati

Azumma suna da muhimmanci a cikin abubuwa daban-daban. A cikin azummuka, akwai kungiyar gaba (N a Filayen 1) wanda yake da proton da neutron, wanda mutanen da ake kira elektron suka mafi girman. Sannan, ya kamata a lura cewa babu duka elektron da ke ciki a cikin abubuwan da aka duba suna mafi girman a hanyar haka. Amma wannan ba na iya cewa hanyoyin da suke mafi girman su zama hasa. Yana nufin cewa har zuwa da elektron wanda yake da rike a cikin azummai, yana da hanyar da yake da shi, wanda ake kira orbit, wanda yake mafi girman a kan kungiyar gaba. Wadannan orbit ne suka ce energy levels ta azummai.

Yana nufin cewa har zuwa da elektron yana da muhimmanci da ake kiran da ita a hanyar multiple integral ta equation
Amsa h shine Planck’s constant da υ shine frequency.

Filayen 2 na nuna muhimmin energy da ke ciki a cikin energy states (da kuma duka elektron da ke ciki a cikin su) a electron volts (eV). Daga filayen, ana iya tabbatar da cewa energy da ke ciki a ciki a kan elektron yana haɗa a tare da a yi karfi a kan azummai. Misali, elektron a cikin energy state E1 yana da energy -13.6 eV, wanda a cikin E2 yana da energy -3.4 eV, kuma sune. Ana haɗa da hakan hingga a level inda energy yana bai 0 eV, yana nufin cewa energy level E∞.

Tana da bayan a yi aiki don in ba abubuwan da external energy (za a iya kasance a cikin hanyar light) a kan material. Energy da ake bani za a samun da elektron da ke ciki a cikin azummai da ke ciki a cikin material. Amma elektron ba za a iya samun energy da ake so a kanta. Yana nufin cewa idan elektron ya samu energy, net energy da ke ciki yana haɗa. Wannan yana nufin cewa elektron ba za a iya yanayin a original energy level. Misali, elektron a cikin energy state E1 ya samu 4 eV energy. Idan ya samu hakan, net energy da ke ciki yana haɗa to
saboda haka, ba za a iya yanayin a energy level E1 wanda yana da energy -13.6 eV. Kuma ba za a iya samun level da yake da energy da ke ciki a cikin. Wannan yana bai sa ka ci gaba!

Amma idan elektron ya samu 10.2 eV, net energy da ke ciki yana haɗa to

Wannan shine energy da ke ciki a cikin level E2, yana nufin cewa elektron da ke ciki a cikin E1 yana haɗa a energy level E2. Bisa ga wannan, ake cewa elektron yana haɗa daga level E1 zuwa level E2 wanda yana haɗa a excited atom. Amma elektron ba za a iya yanayin a cikin hakan a lokacin. Za a haɗa a original state a kan haɗa daga level E2 zuwa level E1. Amma abin da ya kamata a lura cewa a lokacin da haɗa, elektron ya fi energy 10.2 eV (wanda yana da shi da absorbed) a hanyar electromagnetic waves.

Daga cikakken bayanin da aka bayyana, ana iya tabbatar da cewa elektron suna da amincewa don samun (ko ko da emitted) energy quantized. Amount of this energy shine difference in the energies of the levels among which the transition occurs. Sannan, daga Filayen 2, ana iya tabbatar da cewa difference between the energy states yana haɗa as one moves away from E1 i.e. …

Wannan yana nufin cewa elektron da ke ciki a cikin shells da ke fito ba suka buƙata energy masu yawan labari don samun excited kamar elektron da ke ciki a cikin shells da ke kusa. Wannan shine a cikin bayanan da ake fahimta cewa elektron da ke ciki a cikin nucleus suka buƙata energy masu yawan labari saboda attractive force ta azummai kamar elektron da ke ciki a cikin shells da ke fito.
Idan an yi bayanin excitation, argument da aka bayyana yana haɗa a case of liberation. Yana nufin cewa za a iya ɗaukara cewa elektron idan ya samu excited zuwa energy level da yake da energy 0 eV (E∞), yana haɗa a completely free from the attractive force of the atom’s nucleus. It is these free electrons which contribute for conduction in the case of materials like metals.

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