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Bateryar Zinc Carbon
Porous pot tare da mixture da carbon rod suna serve a matsayin positive electrode ko cathode, kuma an yi shi a cikin ammonium chloride solution a jarar. A shekarar 1876, Leclanche ya gina bateryar zinc carbon tare da design mafi kyau. A nan ya amshiga resin gum binder tare da manganese dioxide da carbon powder don fada compressed solid block tare da hydraulic pressure. Saboda hakan, ba a bukata porous pot a bateryar Leclanche cell. A shekarar 1888, Dr. Carl Gassner, ya ci gaba da gyara bateryar Leclanche. Ya amfani da paste of plaster of Paris da ammonium chloride a matsayin electrolyte, baki daya liquid ammonium chloride. Babu a saka zinc rod a cikin electrolyte a jarar, ya yi container tare da zinc. Saboda hakan, wannan container yana serve a matsayin anode tare da bateryar. Ya koye local chemical action a bateryar tare da wrapping zinc chloride – ammonium chloride saturated cloths to the cylindrical cathode mix block.
Kafin haka ya ci gaba da gyara bateryar Leclanche don in taimaka da market demand a shekarun 20th. Kafin haka an yi acetylene black carbon a matsayin cathode current collector. Wannan shi ne mai karfi da graphite. Ci gaba ya samu gyaran a separator design da venting seal system.
A cikin shekarun 1960, an yi abin da suka taimaka wa bateryar zinc chloride cell. Wannan shi ne nau'o'in da yake da shugaban bateryar zinc carbon. A nan, an amfani da zinc chloride a matsayin electrolyte, baki daya ammonium chloride. Wannan shi ne gina ta don in taimaka da performance a heavy drain application. Tushen, bateryar zinc chloride yana da performance mafi kyau a matsayin substitute ta bateryar Leclanche a heavy drain applications.
Kimiyyar Reaksiyon a Bateryar Zinc Carbon
A cikin bateryar cell Leclanche, an amfani da zinc a matsayin anode, manganese dioxide a matsayin cathode da ammonium chloride a matsayin main electrolyte, amma akwai percentage of zinc chloride a electrolyte. A cikin bateryar cell zinc chloride, an amfani da zinc a matsayin anode, manganese dioxide a matsayin cathode da zinc chloride a matsayin electrolyte.
A duk bateryar zinc carbon, a lokacin da aka discharge, zinc anode yana involve a oxidation reaction da kila zinc atom involved a wannan reaksiyon yana rage two electrons.
Wannan electrons suna zuwa cathode tare da external load circuit.
A cikin bateryar cell Leclanche, ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) yana exist a electrolyte mixture as NH4+ and Cl –. A cikin cathode MnO2 zai reduced to Mn2O3 a reaction with ammonium ion (NH4+). In addition to Mn2O3 wannan reaksiyon yana produce ammonia (NH3) da water (H20).
Amma a cikin wannan kimiyyar process, wasu ammonium ions (NH4+ ) suna reduced directly by electrons and form gaseous ammonia (NH3) da hydrogen(H2).
A cikin bateryar zinc carbon, ammonia gas yana rage reaksiyon tare da zinc chloride (ZnCl2) don in fada solid zinc ammonium chloride, kuma gaseous hydrogen yana rage reaksiyon tare da manganese dioxide don in fada solid di-manganese trioxide da water. Duk wadannan reaksiyon suna sauraro formation of gas pressure a lokacin da bateryar yake discharge.
Overall reaksiyon shi ne,
Bateryar zinc chloride yana da bateryar zinc carbon. Wadannan baterya suna labeled a matsayin heavy duty battery. A cikin bateryar zinc chloride cell, an amfani da zinc chloride (ZnCl2) paste a matsayin electrolyte. Wannan baterya tana bayar da more current, more voltage da more life than a general purpose zinc carbon battery. Cathode reaksiyon shi ne,
Overall reaksiyon shi ne,
Voltage Rating ta Bateryar Zinc Carbon
Standard voltage rating ta bateryar zinc carbon tana determined by the type of anode and cathode materials used in the battery cell. A cikin bateryar cell zinc carbon, zinc shi ne anode material da manganese dioxide shi ne cathode material. Electrode potential ta zinc shi ne – 0.7 volt, amma electrode potential ta manganese dioxide shi ne 1.28.
Saboda haka, theoretical voltage ta each cell shi ne – (- 0.76) + 1.23 = 1.99 V, amma considering many practical conditions, actual voltage output ta standard zinc carbon battery ba zama da 1.5 V ba.
Density ta Energy ta Bateryar Cell Zinc Carbon
Molar weight ta cathode material, manganese dioxide shi ne 87 g/mol. A cikin reaksiyon ta bateryar, an samu cewa two electrons reduces two molecules of manganese dioxide. Saboda haka, as per Faraday’s constant 28.6 Ah can be delivered by complete reduction of one mole or 87 g of manganese dioxide. Saboda haka, 87/26.8 = 3.24 g manganese dioxide is required to deliver 1 Ah electricity.
Molar weight ta anode, material zinc shi ne 65 g/mol. A cikin reaksiyon ta bateryar, an samu cewa two electrons oxidize one zinc atom. Saboda haka, as per Faraday’s constant 28.6 Ah can be delivered by complete oxidation of one mole or 65/2 g or 32.5 g of zinc. Saboda haka, 32.5/26.8 = 1.21 g of zinc is required to deliver 1 Ah electricity.
Total energy density ta bateryar zinc carbon shi ne 3.24 g/Ah + 1.21 g/Ah = 4.45 g/Ah =1 / 4.45 Ah/g = 0.224 Ah/g or 224 Ah/Kg. Wannan shi ne absolutely theoretical calculation, but in practice many other materials like, electrolyte, carbon black, water to be included in the battery, weight of which cannot be omitted. In addition to these many other practical conditions are to be considered in a battery. Considering everything in account, a practical low discharge Leclanche’ battery cell have energy density of 75 Ah/Kg and the same for heavy duty and intermittent discharge battery, is about 35 Ah/Kg.
Nau'o'i na Bateryar Zinc Carbon
Kamar yadda ake cewa, akwai biyu nau'o'i na bateryar zinc carbon.
Bateryar Leclanche
Bateryar zinc chloride.
Akwai biyu nau'o'i na bateryar Leclanche, general purpose cells da heavy duty cells.
A cikin general purpose low cost Leclanche’ battery, an amfani da pure zinc a matsayin anode, ammonium chloride a matsayin main electrolyte tare da percentage of zinc chloride. A nan, an amfani da natural manganese dioxide ore a matsayin cathode material. Wadannan baterya suna amfani a wurare da cost yana da muhimmanci daga performance.
Application ta heavy duty Leclanche’ battery tana dominated by zinc chloride battery, amma wasu manufacturers suna ci gaba da production ta heavy duty Leclanche’ battery tare da electrolytic ko chemical manganese dioxide tare da manganese dioxide ore a matsayin cathode.
A cikin general purpose zinc chloride battery, an amfani da pure zinc a matsayin anode; zinc chloride a matsayin electrolyte. Akwai lokacin da small quantity of ammonium chloride an amfani a electrolyte. A nan, an amfani da natural manganese dioxide ore a matsayin cathode material.
A industrial heavy duty applications, an amfani da electrolytic manganese dioxide tare da natural ore manganese dioxide a cathode. Wadannan baterya suna compete da heavy duty Leclanche’ battery. Wannan baterya tana da low leakage, baki daya Leclanche’ cell.
A extra ko super heavy duty zinc chloride cell, an amfani da very small quantity of ammonium chloride a zinc chloride electrolyte. Quantity ta zinc chloride yana da less than 1% of its cathode weight. Manganese oxide ore tana replaced by electrolyte manganese oxide a cathode materials. Wadannan cells suna amfani paper separator coated with cross linked ko modified starches, wadannan suna enhance their stability a electrolyte. Extra ko super heavy duty zinc chloride battery tana amfani a wurare da high performance tare da high expenditure. Wannan tana perform well a low temperature, baki daya Leclanche’ cell.
