Ko kari da Kowa da Sabon Kirkiya na Solar PV?

Solar PV Systems na Kowa da Kudin Kasa

Al'adu mai karfi ta harkar zafi suna amfani da kuli masu yawan adawa, kamar tattalin arziki, kula, yanayi, da kuma noma, musamman daga abubuwa mai ba da rikitar (kula, gida, gas). Amma, waɗannan suna ƙara ƙwace-gabashin al'umma, suka fito, da kuma samun ci gaba ɗaya ga tsawon sama. Saboda haka, ana bukatar tabbataccen jirgin kuli.

Kuli mai zurfi, wanda ya fi shi da kuli da za a iya koyar muhimmancin adawa, ya ƙare. Muhimmiyar PV systems (Fig 1) suna bayar da kuli da kula mai girma daga kula mai sarrafa. A nan ne bayanin kowace, kowa, da kuma kudin kasa na kuli daga PV systems.

Kowa na PV System Mai Kula
Amfani da Kula:

• Ƙara Yawanci: Daɗe cewa maida a kula (a kafin kanau ko kafin raji) bai fi shi da yawanci, kuma bai fi shi da kwallon kula da za su iya ƙara rayuwarsa.

• Takaitaccen Erti: Tabbataccen takaitaccen erti don tabbataccen tasirin PV panels, da kuma kowace kan inverter, converter, da battery banks.

• Muhimmin Kanau: Idan an yi kanau da karamin kafin kanau, duba maɗaɗin kafin kanau da kuma amfani da mounting mai kyau don haɗa zarufin kuli (idani mai kyau perpendicularly zuwa PV panels).

• Kudin Kable: Kowa na kudin kable (wanda ke sanya inverter, battery bank, charge controller, da PV array) don ƙara amfani da kable da kuma ƙara gabashin ci gaba, musamman inganta efficiency da cost.

Bayyana na Jirgin Kuli:

• Bayanan Insolation: Yawan da kula ko kula (daga meteorological stations) da aka samu, amma idan ake amfani da kilowatt-hours per square meter per day (kWh/m²/day) ko daily Peak Sun Hours (PSH, hours with average irradiance of 1000 W/m²).

• Muhimmin Bayanin: Amfani da PSH don bayanin ƙarin (distinguish from "mean sunshine hours," which reflects duration rather than energy). Yi amfani da monthly mean insolation da ita ce mai kadan don inganta system reliability during low-sun periods.

Muhimmin PV Systems Mai Kula
1. Tabbataccen Tasirin Kuli

Sunan system ya shiga da tasirin kuli, an yi amfani da:

• Daily energy demand (Wh) = Sum of (appliance power rating in watts × daily operating hours).

• Yi amfani da tasirin kuli mai kadan don inganta reliability and cost (ensures operation during peak usage, though this increases system cost).

2. Inverter & Charge Controller Sizing

• Inverter: Rated 25% higher than total load (to account for losses).
  Example: For a 2400W load, a 3000W inverter (2400W × 1.25) is needed.

• Charge Controller: Current rating = 125% of PV panel short-circuit current (safety factor).
  Example: 4 panels with 10A short-circuit current require a 50A controller (4×10A ×1.25).
  Note: MPPT controllers follow manufacturer specifications.

3. Daily Energy to Inverter

Account for inverter efficiency (e.g., 90%):

• Energy supplied by battery to inverter = Total load energy / efficiency.
  Example: 2700Wh load → 3000Wh (2700 / 0.9) from battery.

4. System Voltage

Determined by battery voltage (typically 12V, 24V, etc.), with higher voltages reducing cable loss. Example: 24V system.

5. Battery Sizing

Key parameters: depth of discharge (DOD), autonomy days, and system voltage.

• Usable capacity = Battery Ah × DOD.

• Required charge capacity = Energy from battery / system voltage.
  Example: 3000Wh from battery in a 24V system → 125Ah required.

• For 12V, 100Ah batteries (70% DOD):

• Number of batteries = 125Ah / (100Ah × 0.7) ≈ 2 (rounded up).

• Connect 2 batteries in series to achieve 24V system voltage.

So, in total there will be four batteries of 12 V, 100 Ah. Two connected in series and two connected in parallel.Also, the required capacity of batteries can be found by the following formula.

Sizing of the PV Array

• Total PV array capacity (W): Calculated using the lowest daily peak sun hours (or Panel Generation Factor, PFG) and daily energy demand:
  Total Wₚₑₐₖ = (Daily energy demand (Wh) / PFG) × 1.25 (scaling factor for losses).

• Number of modules: Divide total Wₚₑₐₖ by the rated power of a single panel (e.g., 160W).

  Example: For a 3000Wh daily demand and PFG = 3.2, total Wₚₑₐₖ = 3000 / 3.2 ≈ 931W. With 160W panels, 6 modules are needed (931 / 160 ≈ 5.8, rounded up).

• Loss factors (to adjust PFG): Include sunlight angle (5%), non-max power point (10%, excluded for MPPT), dirt (5%), aging (10%), and high temperature (>25°C, 15%).

Sizing of the Cables

• Key considerations: Current capacity, minimal voltage drop (<2%), resistive losses, weather resistance (water/UV proof).

• Cross-sectional area formula:
  A = (&rho; &times; Iₘ &times; L / VD) &times; 2
  (&rho; = resistivity, Iₘ = max current, L = cable length, VD = permissible voltage drop).

• Balance: Avoid undersizing (energy loss/accidents) or oversizing (cost inefficiency). Use appropriate circuit breakers and connectors.