Batarya Zink Karbon | Batarya Zink Karbonun Çeşitleri | Avantajları ve Dezavantajları
Batarya ya Karbonê Zinc
Batarya ya karbonê zinc di wan 100 salan de bêtir hatiye wergerandin. Ji ber ku divê ênîn type batarya ya karbonê zinc – Batarya Leclanche û Batarya Zinc Chloride. Hemû wîn bataryên primary ne. Ev batarya ji aliyê Goerge Lionel Leclanche li sâl 1866 hatiye çêkirin. Ev hatiye yekem batarya ku di navbera elektrolitên korozîv li ser amoniam chloride hatiye bikar anîn. Pêşîn têne tik elektrolitên xweşkê zor hatiye bikar anîn.
Di vê cella batarya de, jarê birî hatiye bikar anîn wek containera seret. Containera bi amoniam chloride solution hatiye pêşkeftin wek elektrolit. Roda zincî hatiye darav bike wek electrodey negatif an anoda. Di vê cella batarya Leclanche de, pota porus hatiye pêşkeftin bi yek to yek mixture manganese dioxide û karbon powder. Roda karbon hatiye daxistin di vê mixture.
Pota porus bi mixture û roda karbon hatiye werek electrodey positiyif an katoda û ev hatiye werejîn di amoniam chloride solution da jarê. Li sâl 1876, Leclanche xwe çêkirina prototypey xwe ya batarya ya karbonê zinc hatiye gerînbikin. Li virê ji bo rêzikîna gum binder bi manganese dioxide û karbon powder hatiye bixebitînin wek block solid kompreskirin bi presya hidravliki. Bi vê strukturê solid katoda mixture, di navbera pota porus hatiye lêzer dikin di cella batarya Leclanche. Li sâl 1888, Dr. Carl Gassner, destpêka konstruksiyona Leclanche cell hatiye parzûndikin. Li virê ji bo pastey gips û amoniam chloride hatiye bikar anîn wek elektrolit, jî nayê liquid amoniam chloride. Jî nayê rod zincî di navbera elektrolit da jarê, ew container hatiye bikin bi zinc. Nêzîkî containera wek anoda batarya. Ew hatiye kêm kirin local chemical action di batarya ya xwe bi wrapping zinc chloride – amoniam chloride saturated cloths bi cathode mix block cylindrical.
Dara xwe plaster of Paris hatiye vegere bikin bi wheat flour, di mixture elektrolit. Ev hatiye yekem design commercial dry zinc carbon battery cell. Ev nayê endi bêtirî. Batarya Leclanche li derê hatiye parzûndikin bi tenha market demand li 20th century. Dara acetylene black carbon hatiye bikar anîn wek current collector cathode. Ev îro conductive tayînîn ji grafite. Development hatiye kirin jî di separator design û venting seal system.
Pas 1960, çend hêza hatiye ser development cella batarya zinc chloride. Ev yek versiyon bêtirî ye batarya ya karbonê zinc. Li virê zinc chloride hatiye bikar anîn wek elektrolit ji bo amoniam chloride. Ev hatiye çêkirin bi tenha performance bi heavy drain application. Bêyî di virê, batarya zinc chloride yek substitute parzûnî ye Leclanche’ batarya bi heavy drain applications.
Reaksiyon Kimyasî di Batarya ya Karbonê Zinc
Di cella batarya Leclanche de, zinc hatiye bikar anîn wek anoda, manganese dioxide hatiye bikar anîn wek katoda û amoniam chloride hatiye bikar anîn wek elektrolit seret, lê heye persentajê zinc chloride di elektrolit. Di cella batarya zinc chloride de, zinc hatiye bikar anîn wek anoda, manganese dioxide hatiye bikar anîn wek katoda û zinc chloride hatiye bikar anîn wek elektrolit.
Di hemû batarya karbonê zinc de, di dema discharge, anoda zinc involvîn di reaksiyona oxidation û her zinc atom involvîn di vê reaksiyon de du electron release.
Ev elektron hatiye vinin bi katoda di navbera circuit load external.
Di cella batarya Leclanche de amoniam chloride (NH4Cl) hatiye exist di mixture elektrolit bi NH4+ û Cl –. Di katoda MnO2 hatiye reduced be Mn2O3 di reaction bi ammonium ion (NH4+). Di navbera Mn2O3 vê reaksiyon hatiye produce ammonia (NH3) û water (H20).
Lê di vê reaksiyon kimyasî de herfê ammonium ions (NH4+ ) hatiye reduce directly bi electrons û form gaseous ammonia (NH3) û hydrogen(H2).
Di batarya karbon zinc de vê gas ammonia hatiye reaksiyon bi zinc chloride (ZnCl2) be form solid zinc ammonium chloride û gaseous hydrogen reacts bi manganese dioxide be form solid di-manganese trioxide û water. Di navbera vê reaksiyonan prevent formation gas pressure di dema discharge batarya.
Overall reaksiyon is,
A zinc chloride battery is an improved version of zinc carbon battery. These batteries are generally labeled as heavy duty battery. A zinc chloride cell contains only zinc chloride (ZnCl2) paste as electrolyte. This battery provides more current, more voltage and more life than a general purpose zinc carbon battery. The cathode reaction is,
Overall reaksiyon is,
Rating Voltageya Batarya ya Karbonê Zinc
Standard voltage rating ya batarya ya karbonê zinc determine bi type anode û cathode materials used in the battery cell. Di cella batarya karbonê zinc de, zinc hatiye material anoda û manganese dioxide hatiye material cathoda. Electrode potentialya zinc -0.7 volt û electrode potentialya manganese dioxide 1.28.
Berîna, theoretical voltageya her cell should be – (- 0.76) + 1.23 = 1.99 V lê considering many practical conditions, actual voltage output ya standard zinc carbon battery not more than 1.5 V.
Density Energy ya Cella Batarya ya Karbonê Zinc
Molar weight cathode material, manganese dioxide 87 g/mol. Li virê di reaction batarya de dibe two electrons reduce two manganese dioxide molecules. Berîna, Faraday’s constant 28.6 Ah can be delivered by complete reduction of one mole or 87 g manganese dioxide. Berîna, 87/26.8 = 3.24 g manganese dioxide required to deliver 1 Ah electricity.
Molar weight anode, material zinc 65 g/mol. Li virê di reaction batarya de dibe two electrons oxidize one zinc atom. Berîna, Faraday’s constant 28.6 Ah can be delivered by complete oxidation of one mole or 65/2 g or 32.5 g zinc. Berîna, 32.5/26.8 = 1.21 g zinc required to deliver 1 Ah electricity.
Total density energy batarya karbon zinc 3.24 g/Ah + 1.21 g/Ah = 4.45 g/Ah =1 / 4.45 Ah/g = 0.224 Ah/g or 224 Ah/Kg. Ev absolutely theoretical calculation, lê practice many other materials like, electrolyte, carbon black, water to be included in the battery, weight of which cannot be omitted. In addition to these many other practical conditions are to be considered in a battery. Considering everything in account, a practical low discharge Leclanche’ battery cell have energy density of 75 Ah/Kg and the same for heavy duty and intermittent discharge battery, is about 35 Ah/Kg.
Types of Zinc Carbon Battery
As we said earlier, there are two types of zinc carbon battery .
Leclanche’ battery
Zinc chloride battery.
Again Leclanche’ battery are of main two types, general purpose cells and heavy duty cells.
In general purpose low cost Leclanche’ battery, pure zinc is used as anode, ammonium chloride is used as main electrolyte along with a percentage of zinc chloride. Here natural manganese dioxide ore is used as cathode material. These batteries are generally used where cost is more a vital factor than their performance.
Application of heavy duty Leclanche’ battery is dominated by zinc chloride battery but still some of the manufacturers continue to produce heavy duty Leclanche’ battery by adding electrolytic or chemical manganese dioxide along with manganese dioxide ore as the cathode.
In general purpose zinc chloride battery, pure zinc is used as anode; zinc chloride is used as electrolyte. Sometimes a small quantity of ammonium chloride is added to the electrolyte. Here also natural manganese dioxide ore is used as cathode material.
For Industrial heavy duty applications, electrolytic manganese dioxide is added to natural ore manganese dioxide in cathode. These batteries are in cost competition with heavy duty Leclanche’ battery. This battery has low leakage, compared to Leclanche’ cell.
In extra or super heavy duty zinc chloride cell, very small quantity of ammonium chloride is added to zinc chloride electrolyte. The quantity of zinc chloride must be less than 1% of its cathode weight. The ore manganese oxide is replaced by electrolyte manganese oxide in cathode materials. These cells use paper separator coated with cross linked or modified starches, which enhance their stability in the electrolyte. Extra or super heavy duty zinc chloride battery is used where high performance is required even at the cost of high expenditure. It performs well in low temperature
