Kudancin Karamin Aikatau da Tattaunawa na Makarantar Tashin Karkara

Sabon da Gwamnatuka na Turbinen Masu Niyar
Sabon da Gwamnatuka ta Yawanci
Ingancin a Farkon Ingantaccen
Idan turbinen ni a yi aiki, idan kudin ya zama mafi yawa, tare da adadin kudin masu gida ya zama mafi yadda adadin kudin da ake sani a kan turbinen, yanayi a zama za ta ci abin da ya zama mafi yawa, wanda ya haɗa suka ci ingantaccen da ya shafi tsirriyar. Idan ake bayar da misal na kasa, idan an fito a cikin yankin mai sauya da yawan joma 200 °C, tsirriyar kanta ya zama mafi hana a tsirriya; idan yawan joma ta zama mafi yawa da 300 °C a lokacin nan, tsirriyar kanta ya zama mafi hana a tsirriya. Don ingantaccen na alami, adadin lokacin da ya kamata a yi aiki a cikin yankin mai sauya ya zama kadan da 90 °C, amma lokacin da ya kamata a yi aiki a cikin yankin mai sauya ya zama kadan da 120 °C.
Ingancin Mai Ba Da Kula Tsaye
Mai ba da kula tsaye shi ne sabon da muhimmanci na gwamnatukan da aka samuwa a cikin kayan aiki masu niyar, amma yawan joma a cikin wuraren da aka samuwa shi ne ya haɗa suka ci ma'adatar da aka samuwa. Idan yawan joma ya zama mafi yawa, karamin a cikin wuraren da aka samuwa zai ci yawan gadi, amma tsirriyar kula ya zama mafi yawa, kuma a cikin yanayi mafi yawa, wuraren da aka samuwa suna iya duba daga baya.
Ingancin a Farkon Ingantaccen na Jirgin Kula
Idan yawan joma a cikin yankin ya zama mafi yadda ake sani, ingantaccen na jirgin kula zai ci hana, tare da zan iya buƙata tsirriyar, wanda ya haɗa suka ci ingancin jirgin kula, amma a cikin yanayi mafi yawa, zai iya kasance tsirriyar. A lura ake bayar da cewa don ingantaccen na kafin A, a cikin yankin da ake sani, har zuwa 8 - 10 °C a yawan joma, adadin lokacin da aka samuwa a cikin yankin zai zama kadan da ɗaya. Wannan nuna a matsayin "ingancin tsirriyar", wanda ya zama babban abu da ya haɗa suka ci ma'adatar da aka samuwa ingantaccen na jirgin kula.
 Sabon da Gwamnatuka na Turbinen Masu Niyar Da Mai Ba Da Kula Tsaye
Sabon da Gwamnatuka ta Yawanci
Don in ba da shiga tsirriyar da aka samuwa, a cikin aiki masu saye, ana amfani da sadarwa da ke yi aiki a cikin wuraren da aka samuwa. Idan ake bayar da misal na kasa, a cikin kula da aka samuwa a cikin turbinen, ana samuwar da kula mai inganci (kamar kasa, kuli, ko kula mai inganci na tin) a cikin wuraren da aka samuwa ta. Wannan kula mai inganci ya haɗa suka ci tsirriyar da jirgin kula.

Yana da kyau a tuntubi, a cikin aiki masu saye ko a lokacin da yawan joma ya zama mafi yawa, kula ya zama za ta ci hana ko ci yawanci, wanda ya haɗa suka ci ingancin tsirriyar kula da kula da aka samuwa. Cikakken bayanan labari ta bayar da cewa idan adadin kula da aka samuwa ya zama kadan da 30%, tsirriyar da aka samuwa ya zama mafi hana a tsirriya.
Yawancin Kawo Duk'ar da Kula da Alami
A cikin aiki masu saye, idan an samun kula da alami daga baya, zai faruwa tsirriyar mai yawa, amma a cikin aiki masu saye, saboda ba a yi aiki da tsohon karfi ko ba a zama da kula da aka fiye, akwai karin samun kula da alami daga baya.

Idan an samun wannan nuna, a cikin wuraren da aka samuwa zai faruwa kula mai yawanci, wanda ya haɗa suka ci tsirriyar da kula da aka samuwa. A cikin yawan joma da ake sani, adadin lokacin da aka samuwa a cikin yankin da ake sani ya zama kadan da 2000 lokaci, amma a cikin yanayi mafi yawa, za a faruwa saboda hanyoyin tsirriyar da aka samuwa.
Yawan Joma Mafi Yawa a Cikin Wuraren da Aka Samuwa Saboda Mai Ba Da Kula Tsaye
A lokacin da ake yi aiki a cikin turbinen masu niyar, ana samun kofin mai sarrafa waɗannan kofin a cikin wuraren da aka samuwa. Saboda adadin lokacin da aka samuwa a cikin kofin da kuma aikin da ba a yi da tsohon karfi, akwai karin samun kula da aka samuwa, wanda ya haɗa suka ci tsirriyar da kula da aka samuwa, amma a cikin yanayi mafi yawa, za a faruwa saboda hanyoyin tsirriyar da aka samuwa.

A cikin yanayi mafi yawa, yawan joma mafi yawa a cikin wuraren da aka samuwa zai haɗa suka ci ingancin jirgin kula, wanda ya haɗa suka ci hanyoyin jirgin kula. Daga baya, yawan joma zai haɗa suka ci ingancin jirgin kula, wanda ya haɗa suka ci tsirriyar da kula da aka samuwa. Cikakken bayanan labari ta bayar da cewa idan yawan joma ya zama mafi yawa, tsirriyar da aka samuwa zai zama kadan da 15% - 20% kowace shekaru. Wannan nuna a matsayin "ingancin tsirriyar", wanda ya zama babban abu da ya haɗa suka ci ma'adatar da aka samuwa ingantaccen na jirgin kula.
Sabon da Gwamnatuka na Turbinen Masu Niyar Da Mai Ba Da Kula Tsaye
Sabon da Gwamnatuka ta Yawanci
A lokacin da ake yi aiki a cikin turbinen masu niyar, ana samun kofin mai sarrafa waɗannan kofin a cikin wuraren da aka samuwa. Saboda adadin lokacin da aka samuwa a cikin kofin da kuma aikin da ba a yi da tsohon karfi, akwai karin samun kula da aka samuwa, wanda ya haɗa suka ci tsirriyar da kula da aka samuwa, amma a cikin yanayi mafi yawa, za a faruwa saboda hanyoyin tsirriyar da aka samuwa.

Sabon da Gwamnatuka na Turbinen Masu Niyar Da Mai Ba Da Kula Tsaye
A cikin aiki masu saye, idan an samun kula da alami daga baya, zai faruwa tsirriyar mai yawa, amma a cikin aiki masu saye, saboda ba a yi aiki da tsohon karfi ko ba a zama da kula da aka fiye, akwai karin samun kula da alami daga baya.

Idan an samun wannan nuna, a cikin wuraren da aka samuwa zai faruwa kula mai yawanci, wanda ya haɗa suka ci tsirriyar da kula da aka samuwa. A cikin yawan joma da ake sani, adadin lokacin da aka samuwa a cikin yankin da ake sani ya zama kadan da 2000 lokaci, amma a cikin yanayi mafi yawa, za a faruwa saboda hanyoyin tsirriyar da aka samuwa.
Yawan Joma Mafi Yawa a Cikin Wuraren da Aka Samuwa Saboda Mai Ba Da Kula Tsaye
A lokacin da ake yi aiki a cikin turbinen masu niyar, ana samun kofin mai sarrafa waɗannan kofin a cikin wuraren da aka samuwa. Saboda adadin lokacin da aka samuwa a cikin kofin da kuma aikin da ba a yi da tsohon karfi, akwai karin samun kula da aka samuwa, wanda ya haɗa suka ci tsirriyar da kula da aka samuwa, amma a cikin yanayi mafi yawa, za a faruwa saboda hanyoyin tsirriyar da aka samuwa.

A cikin yanayi mafi yawa, yawan joma mafi yawa a cikin wuraren da aka samuwa zai haɗa suka ci ingancin jirgin kula, wanda ya haɗa suka ci hanyoyin jirgin kula. Daga baya, yawan joma zai haɗa suka ci ingancin jirgin kula, wanda ya haɗa suka ci tsirriyar da kula da aka samuwa. Cikakken bayanan labari ta bayar da cewa idan yawan joma ya zama mafi yawa, tsirriyar da aka samuwa zai zama kadan da 15% - 20% kowace shekaru. Wannan nuna a matsayin "ingancin tsirriyar", wanda ya zama babban abu da ya haɗa suka ci ma'adatar da aka samuwa ingantaccen na jirgin kula.
Sabon da Gwamnatuka na Turbinen Masu Niyar Da Mai Ba Da Kula Tsaye
A lokacin da ake yi aiki a cikin turbinen masu niyar, ana samun kofin mai sarrafa waɗannan kofin a cikin wuraren da aka samuwa. Saboda adadin lokacin da aka samuwa a cikin kofin da kuma aikin da ba a yi da tsohon karfi, akwai karin samun kula da aka samuwa, wanda ya haɗa suka ci tsirriyar da kula da aka samuwa, amma a cikin yanayi mafi yawa, za a faruwa saboda hanyoyin tsirriyar da aka samuwa.

Sabon da Gwamnatuka na Turbinen Masu Niyar Da Mai Ba Da Kula Tsaye
A lokacin da ake yi aiki a cikin turbinen masu niyar, ana samun kofin mai sarrafa waɗannan kofin a cikin wuraren da aka samuwa. Saboda adadin lokacin da aka samuwa a cikin kofin da kuma aikin da ba a yi da tsohon karfi, akwai karin samun kula da aka samuwa, wanda ya haɗa suka ci tsirriyar da kula da aka samuwa, amma a cikin yanayi mafi yawa, za a faruwa saboda hanyoyin tsirriyar da aka samuwa.

• Kalmomin "klik" da suka faru a lokacin da yaɗa: Idan an samun wannan, yaɗa zai faruwa saboda hanyoyin kula da aka samuwa. Tsirriyar da aka samuwa ya zama kadan da 60 zuwa 70 decibels.
  Tsunaman da suka faru a lokacin da yaɗa: Idan an samun wannan, yaɗa zai faruwa saboda hanyoyin tsunaman. A cikin yanayi mafi yawa, tsirriyar da aka samuwa zai zama mafi yawa da 85 decibels, kuma ake samun tsunaman a cikin wuraren da aka samuwa.

• Kalmomin "boom" da suka faru a lokacin da yaɗa: Idan an samun wannan, yaɗa zai faruwa saboda hanyoyin tsirriyar da aka samuwa. Tsirriyar da aka samuwa zai zama mafi yawa da 20 decibels.

• Kalmomin "rumble" da suka faru a lokacin da yaɗa: Idan an samun wannan, yaɗa zai faruwa saboda hanyoyin tsirriyar da aka samuwa. Tsirriyar da aka samuwa zai zama kadan da 100 zuwa 400 hertz.

• Kalmomin "whistle" da suka faru a lokacin da yaɗa: Idan an samun wannan, yaɗa zai faruwa saboda hanyoyin tsirriyar da aka samuwa. Tsirriyar da aka samuwa zai zama kadan da 1 zuwa 2 kilohertz.

• Kalmomin "bubble" da suka faru a lokacin da yaɗa: Idan an samun wannan, yaɗa zai faruwa saboda hanyoyin tsirriyar da aka samuwa. Tsirriyar da aka samuwa zai zama kadan da 1 zuwa 2 kilohertz.

Bayyana Sabon da Gwamnatuka ta Turubin Masu Niyyar Da Amfani Da Aikin
Saboda hanyoyin aiki, a cikin aiki masu saye, ana amfani da multimeter don in ba da shiga tsirriyar da aka samuwa, don in ba da shiga idan akwai kula da aka samuwa ko kula da aka samuwa. Ana amfani da insulation resistance tester don in ba da shiga tsirriyar da aka samuwa, don in ba da shiga idan akwai kula da aka samuwa. Idan kula da aka samuwa ya faru, tsirriyar da aka samuwa zai zama kadan da 0 Ω.

Idan ake yi aiki a cikin tsirriyar da aka samuwa, ana buƙata tsirriyar da aka samuwa daga baya: tsirriyar da aka samuwa a cikin wuraren da aka samuwa, tsirriyar da aka samuwa a cikin wuraren da aka samuwa, da kuma tsirriyar da aka samuwa a cikin wuraren da aka samuwa. Yana da kyau a tuntubi, tsirriyar da aka samuwa a cikin yankin da ake sani ya zama kadan da 100 μL/L, tsirriyar da aka samuwa zai zama kadan da 12.5%.

Tsarin Bayyana Sabon da Gwamnatuka ta Turubin Masu Niyyar
Tsarin bayyana sabon da gwamnatuka ta turubin masu niyyar shi ne abubuwan da ya haɗa suka ci ingancin aiki masu saye. A cikin aiki masu saye, ana amfani da tsarin bayyana sabon da gwamnatuka ta turubin masu niyyar don in ba da shiga sabon da gwamnatuka, kuma don in ba da shiga idan akwai kula da aka samuwa. Misali, a lokacin da ake yi aiki a cikin turubin masu niyyar, ana samun tsirriyar da aka samuwa a cikin wuraren da aka samuwa, kuma ana samun kula da aka samuwa a cikin wuraren da aka samuwa. A cikin yanayi mafi yawa, ana samun kula da aka samuwa a cikin wuraren da aka samuwa, kuma ana samun kula da aka samuwa a cikin wuraren da aka samuwa.
Dissolved Gas Analysis (DGA)
Dissolved Gas Analysis (DGA) shi ne abubuwan da ya haɗa suka ci ingancin aiki masu saye. A cikin aiki masu saye, ana amfani da DGA don in ba da shiga sabon da gwamnatuka, kuma don in ba da shiga idan akwai kula da aka samuwa. Misali, a lokacin da ake yi aiki a cikin turubin masu niyyar, ana samun tsirriyar da aka samuwa a cikin wuraren da aka samuwa, kuma ana samun kula da aka samuwa a cikin wuraren da aka samuwa. A cikin yanayi mafi yawa, ana samun kula da aka samuwa a cikin wuraren da aka samuwa, kuma ana samun kula da aka samuwa a cikin wuraren da aka samuwa.
Partial Discharge Detection
Partial Discharge Detection shi ne abubuwan da ya haɗa suka ci ingancin aiki masu saye. A cikin aiki masu saye, ana amfani da Partial Discharge Detection don in ba da shiga sabon da gwamnatuka, kuma don in ba da shiga idan akwai kula da aka samuwa. Misali, a lokacin da ake yi aiki a cikin turubin masu niyyar, ana samun tsirriyar da aka samuwa a cikin wuraren da aka samuwa, kuma ana samun kula da aka samuwa a cikin wuraren da aka samuwa. A cikin yanayi mafi yawa, ana samun kula da aka samuwa a cikin wuraren da aka samuwa, kuma ana samun kula da aka samuwa a cikin wuraren da aka samuwa.
Combined Vibration and Acoustic Detection
Combined Vibration and Acoustic Detection shi ne abubuwan da ya haɗa suka ci ingancin aiki masu saye. A cikin aiki masu saye, ana amfani da Combined Vibration and Acoustic Detection don in ba da shiga sabon da gwamnatuka, kuma don in ba da shiga idan akwai kula da aka samuwa. Misali, a lokacin da ake yi aiki a cikin turubin masu niyyar, ana samun tsirriyar da aka samuwa a cikin wuraren da aka samuwa, kuma ana samun kula da aka samuwa a cikin wuraren da aka samuwa. A cikin yanayi mafi yawa, ana samun kula da aka samuwa a cikin wuraren da aka samuwa, kuma ana samun kula da aka samuwa a cikin wuraren da aka samuwa.
Infrared Thermography Detection
Infrared Thermography Detection shi ne abubuwan da ya haɗa suka ci ingancin aiki masu saye. A cikin aiki masu saye, ana amfani da Infrared Thermography Detection don in ba da shiga sabon da gwamnatuka, kuma don in ba da shiga idan akwai kula da aka samuwa. Misali, a lokacin da ake yi aiki a cikin turubin masu niyyar, ana samun tsirriyar da aka samuwa a cikin wuraren da aka samuwa, kuma ana samun kula da aka samuwa a cikin wuraren da aka samuwa. A cikin yanayi mafi yawa, ana samun kula da aka samuwa a cikin wuraren da aka samuwa, kuma ana samun kula da aka samuwa a cikin wuraren da aka samuwa.
Tsarin Bayyana Sabon da Gwamnatuka ta Turubin Masu Niyyar
Turn-to-turn Short-Circuit Fault in Transformer
Fault Phenomenon
An over-current trip occurred on a 10 kV line in a certain substation. After reducing part of the load, over-current still occurred during the trial re-closing.
Fault Cause Analysis
After the on-site maintenance personnel arrived at the fault area, they first used a megohmmeter to test the insulation performance of the power supply line, and the measured insulation value to the ground was about 2 MΩ. Subsequently, a monitoring instrument was connected to the open-delta terminal of the secondary side of the 10 kV voltage transformer. During the temporary energization test, the voltage reading was observed to be about 40 V. Combining the on-site investigation results, no new electrical equipment was connected to this line before the fault occurred.

Based on this, the possibility of over-current protection action caused by overload was excluded. According to the analysis of normal operating parameters, this line should neither trigger over-current protection nor have a single-phase grounding anomaly. Through systematic detection and comprehensive judgment, it was initially determined that the root cause of the fault might be the turn-to-turn insulation breakdown in the internal winding of a certain distribution transformer. After analysis, it was possible that there was a turn-to-turn short-circuit fault in a certain distribution transformer of this line. Therefore, the line was transferred from operation to maintenance, and the line inspection was notified.

Further inspection revealed that there was a turn-to-turn short-circuit in phase A of the high-voltage side of a 250 kV·A distribution transformer of a customer on this line, which was the real cause of the trip. The following analyzes the over-current and false grounding situations caused by the turn-to-turn short-circuit of this distribution transformer. Because of the turn-to-turn short-circuit inside the distribution transformer, the simplified equivalent circuit is shown in Figure 1.

Let ZA, ZB, and ZC be the impedances of phases A, B, and C of the distribution transformer respectively. UO is the neutral point potential. When the three-phase load is balanced, UO = 0; when the three-phase load is unbalanced, UO≠0, resulting in neutral point displacement. When there is a phase-to-phase short circuit in phase A of the distribution transformer, the value of impedance ZA will decrease, and the value of IA will increase. When the sum of IA and the currents of phase A of other distribution transformers on this line is greater than the over-current operating value Idz of the relay protection, an over-current trip will occur. When there is a turn-to-turn short circuit in a certain transformer on phase A of the line, the impedance ZA of phase A of this transformer will decrease, and the voltage on the open delta side of the TV will rise. When this voltage exceeds the setting value of the relay, the central signal in the control room will send out a 10 kV grounding signal.

Accidents Caused by the Contact between the Low-Voltage Wire of the Transformer and its Shell
Fault Phenomenon
A 10 kV/400 V, 100 kV・A transformer in a certain unit supplies power to the load through two circuits on the low-voltage side. Since there is no power consumption load in one of the feeder circuits on the low-voltage side, it is decided to remove this line. After the wire removal work is completed, the power supply is restored. When the high-voltage drop-out fuses of phase A and phase C are closed, there is no abnormal phenomenon. However, when the drop-out fuse of phase B is closed, a huge arc suddenly occurs about 15 cm above the upper cover of the transformer, and then the transformer oil is ejected.
Fault Cause Analysis
After the accident occurs, a comprehensive understanding of the wire removal work is carried out, and a core lifting inspection of the transformer is conducted. During the inspection, it is found that the lead wire on the low-voltage side of phase B directly touches the shell, and there is a hole with a diameter of 1 cm at the contact point. The cause of the accident is that during the wire removal on the low-voltage side, the construction personnel accidentally rotate the screw of the low-voltage terminal of the transformer without noticing, resulting in the lead wire of phase B touching the shell of the transformer. Both the neutral point and the shell of this transformer are directly grounded, so the contact point between the lead wire of phase B and the shell becomes a grounding short-circuit point.
Treatment Countermeasures
First, the hole in the transformer body is repaired by welding. Then, the screw of the low-voltage lead wire connection is tightened. After that, the transformer oil is filtered, and the oil level is replenished to the