An inverter-integrated transformer is a power conversion device that combines the functions of an inverter and a transformer into a single unit. Widely utilized in renewable energy systems such as solar photovoltaic (PV) and wind power generation, its primary role is to convert direct current (DC) to alternating current (AC) while adjusting voltage levels (stepping up or down) via the transformer, ensuring compatibility with grid requirements or specific load demands.1. Basic Functions and Opera

The capacitive current is mainly determined by the length of the feeder, the cross-sectional area of the conductor, the dielectric constant, the height above the ground, and the rated voltage. The specific estimation methods are as follows:Estimation of capacitive current of overhead lines: For overhead lines of 3 - 35 kV, the capacitance per phase to ground is usually 5000 - 6000 pF/km. Based on this, the value of the single-phase grounding capacitive current per kilometer for lines of differen

Power transformers are pivotal components in electrical grids, tasked with voltage conversion to enable efficient electricity transmission and distribution. As global energy demands surge and grid architectures grow increasingly complex, there is an urgent need for advanced transformer technologies that enhance efficiency, minimize environmental impact, and ensure operational reliability. Among emerging innovations, hydrogen-cooled power transformer technology has emerged as a particularly promi

1. Functions of Transformer BushingsThe core function of transformer bushings is to lead the coil leads out to the external environment. They serve both as insulating components between the leads and the oil tank and as fixing devices for the leads.During the operation of a transformer, bushings continuously carry load currents and, in the event of an external short circuit, withstand short-circuit currents. Therefore, transformer bushings must meet the following requirements:Possess specified e

High - voltage power transformers (above 10 kV) are extensively applied in various sectors, spanning residential and industrial fields. The following is a detailed overview of their main application scenarios and technical characteristics:1. Urban and Civil Applications1.1 Residential Communities and Commercial CentersThe 10 kV - rated combination transformer, favored for its compact size and fully sealed structure, is widely used in new residential complexes, shopping centers, and high - rise b

1. Current Status and Shortcomings of Online MonitorsCurrently, online monitors are the most commonly used tools for surge arrester monitoring. While they can detect potential defects, they have significant limitations: manual on - site data recording is required, precluding real - time monitoring; and post - collection data analysis adds to operational complexity. IoT - based intelligent monitoring overcomes these issues—collected data is uploaded via the IoT to processing platforms, and

1. Overview of Surge Arrester Handover Test Technology1.1 Necessity of Handover TestThe handover test is a crucial step in ensuring the performance and safe operation of surge arresters within power systems. For power systems with voltage levels at 220 kV and below, surge arresters play a core role in protecting electrical equipment from damage caused by overvoltages and lightning strikes. However, during the process from the arrester leaving the factory to its actual operation after installatio

Handling of Minor Action of Transformer Gas RelayImmediately check and record the protective relay action signals, and report to the dispatcher and station manager.Closely monitor the transformer’s voltage, current, temperature, oil level, oil color, sound, and cooler operation, and assign personnel to conduct an external inspection of the transformer.If significant abnormalities are found during the inspection, report to the dispatcher and take the faulty transformer offline. If no obviou

What Is a Voltage Class?Definition of Voltage Class:Voltage classes (or voltage levels) refer to a set of standardized rated voltages used in power systems and electrical equipment. A rated voltage is the nominal voltage at which equipment is designed to operate under normal conditions; essentially, a voltage class defines the intended working voltage range for a system or device.Analogy to Consumer Appliances:Household appliances (e.g., refrigerators, TVs) operate at a nominal voltage—typ

Verification of Insulation IntegrityWhen a new or overhauled transformer is energized under open-circuit (no-load) conditions, switching surges—caused by operations such as opening or closing the no-load transformer circuit—can generate overvoltages. These reach 4.0–4.5 times the phase voltage if the neutral point is isolated or earthed through a Petersen coil, and up to 3.0 times the phase voltage when the neutral is solidly grounded. The full-voltage, no-load impact test deli