Me kana hanyar aiki na maimakon da ya fi shirya zuwa gajimare a matsayin kashi mai zurfi?

1 Tattalin Gargajiya Photovoltaic

A cikin yakin na dace-dacen da na ke kula da abubuwa, tattalin gargajiya photovoltaic da na samu sun hada da gudanar da panel-panel solar zuwa modulen photovoltaic, wanda za a sanya ta sabon tattalin photovoltaic da kuma combiner boxes. Energin arziki zai canza su zuwa current na tsari (DC) a cikin tattalin photovoltaic, sannan zai canza su zuwa alternating current na uku (AC) tun daga inverter na uku (DC-AC). Kafin haka, transformer na tsayi ya zama yadda aka bukata don kula da talabijin grid na gargajiya, wanda ya ba su da kyau don inganta da kuma koyar da energy zuwa equipment da suke magance.

2 Categorization of Common Faults in Photovoltaic Power Generation Operation
2.1 Substation Operation Faults

A cikin yakin da na ke kula, faults na substation sun hada da faults na transmission lines, busbar, transformers, high-voltage switches da kuma auxiliary equipment, da kuma faults na relay protection devices. Wadannan sun haifiyar da tsarin canza da kuma koyar da energy na gargajiya.

2.2 PV Area Operation Faults

Faults na PV area sun nuna karfi mai fafutuka a kan practices na installation, kamar abubuwan da ke faruwa da panels, strings, da kuma combiner boxes saboda installation mai fafutuka, inverter malfunctions saboda commissioning mai fafutuka, da kuma faults na auxiliary equipment na step-up transformer. Amma, akwai kuma oversight a cikin yakin da ya iya haifar da potential hazards da ba a sanarwa, wanda ya zama muhimmanci da yake da shawara.

2.3 Communication and Automation Faults

Faults na communication da automation systems ba su iya haifar da gargajiya na baya, amma suke haifar da analysis na yaki, detection of defects, da kuma capabilities na remote control, wanda suke haifar da risks na kyakkyawan da za su iya zama daidai idan ba a sanarwa.

2.4 Geographical and Environmental Faults

Environmental factors sun iya haifar da deformation na equipment saboda soil settlement, electrical short circuits saboda clearance mai fafutuka, corrosion saboda salt spray, insulation degradation saboda moisture, da kuma short circuits saboda intrusion na wildlife.

3 Root Causes of Common Faults

Idan a yi management mai kyakkyawa, accidents da faults mai yawa suna iya yanke a kan sauransu. Amma, a cikin yakin, incidents na electrical safety da failures na equipment sun taimaka saboda:

• Design flaws na PV projects masu zamani saboda development mai fiye da kuma lack of experience.

• Construction quality mai fafutuka saboda schedules mai fiye, wanda ya haifar da workmanship mai fafutuka da operational risks na gida.

• Inability to assess equipment reliability without comprehensive operational testing, resulting in the use of low-quality components.

• Skill gaps among maintenance personnel, with many being new hires reliant on outdated training methods, lacking proficiency in fault diagnosis and emergency response.

4 Solutions

Strategies na technology don yanke common faults a PV power stations sun hada da:

• Rigorous upfront planning to ensure designs align with site-specific conditions.

• Comprehensive infrastructure management with strict contractor vetting and quality control.

• Stringent equipment qualification to exclude substandard products.

• Enhanced training programs to improve personnel responsibility and technical expertise.
  Implementation of these measures can significantly reduce fault occurrence.

4.1 Substation Fault Handling

Substation faults follow standard electrical fault management protocols. In the event of busbar outages or line trips, single - busbar substations may experience complete station blackout, triggering islanding protection and inverter shutdown. Operators must:

• Secure auxiliary power and verify backup systems for DC and communication.

• Analyze protection device actions to identify fault types.

• Inspect primary systems, locate faults, and coordinate with grid operators for safe restoration.

4.2 PV Area Fault Causes

Key factors contributing to PV area faults include:

• Poor installation practices, such as loose connections, substandard components, and inadequate sealing in combiner boxes.

• Ineffective coordination among installation, wiring, and commissioning teams for inverters and transformers.

• Environmental degradation, particularly corrosion from coastal salt spray and insulation breakdown.

• Wear and tear from prolonged operation, including loosening of fan components, terminal blocks, and enclosure latches.

4.3 Fault Prevention Strategies

Preventive measures for electrical equipment faults involve:

• Ensuring construction quality meets operational standards before handover.

• Proactive technical supervision and environmental risk mitigation during operation.

• Cultivating personnel accountability and analytical skills through targeted training.

4.4 Fault Detection and Handling

Hidden faults between solar panels and combiner boxes, which cause energy loss without obvious symptoms, can be detected using clamp meters to measure string currents. Faulty components, fuses, or connections should be promptly replaced.

4.4.1 Combiner Box Faults

Common issues include seal failures, communication module malfunctions, and overheating from loose terminals. Regular inspections during spring maintenance, including resealing and tightening connections, can mitigate summer overheating risks.

4.4.2 Inverter Faults

Inverter failures, often manifesting as shutdowns or startup issues, are prevalent during initial operation. Post-commissioning, overheating due to poor ventilation or component/software malfunctions is typical. Preventive measures include regular filter cleaning and fan inspections.

4.4.3 Step-Up Transformer Faults

Modern dry-type transformers rarely fail, but common issues include ingress of wildlife due to poor sealing, fan malfunctions, and valve latch failures. In coastal or hybrid projects, cable terminations and surge arresters require extra vigilance to prevent collector line outages. Fault prevention relies on routine inspections and technical monitoring.