Fotovoltaik elektr enerjini yaratishda voltajni oshiruvchi transformatorning ishlash rezhimi nima?

1 Fotoksiyog‘li elektr energiyasi ishlab chiqarish jarayonining umumiy ko'zda tushinishi

Kundalik ishlarimda, fotoksiyog‘li elektr energiyasi ishlab chiqarish jarayonida, alohida kuniy panellarni fotoksiyog‘li modullarga ulash, so'ngra kombinatorlik qutichalardan o'tkazib, fotoksiyog‘li massiv yaratiladi. Kuniy energiya fotoksiyog‘li massiv tomonidan doimiy tokka (DC) aylantiriladi, keyin uchfazali invertor (DC-AC) orqali uchfazali alternavtiv tokga (AC) aylantiriladi. So'ngra, shunt tranformatori tokni jamiy elektr tarmog‘i talablari bilan moslash uchun tortadi, bu esa elektr energiyasini tarmoqqa ulangan jihozlarga integratsiya va taqsimotga imkoniyat beradi.

2 Fotoksiyog‘li elektr energiyasi ishlab chiqarish operatsiyasidagi keng tarqalgan xato turlari
2.1 Poytaxt stantsiyada bo'lgan ishlab chiqarish xatoliklari

Ehtiyot ishlarda, poytaxt stantsiyadagi xatoliklarni uzluksiz chiziqlar, shina xatoliklari, tranformator xatoliklari, yuqori bosqichli vana va qo'shimcha jihozlar, va rele himoya qurilmalari xatoliklari deb ajratish mumkin. Bu toki transformatsiyasi va elektr energiyasining uzatilishiga直接影响电力传输和转换。请注意，您的要求是翻译成乌兹别克语，我将按照您的要求继续完成剩余部分的翻译。

bu toki transformatsiyasi va elektr energiyasining uzatilishiga bir qancha ta'sir etadi.

2.2 Fotoksiyog‘ maydonidagi ishlab chiqarish xatoliklari

Fotoksiyog‘ maydonidagi xatoliklar, aniqlikdan kamroq joylashtirish usullaridan kelib chiqishi mumkin, masalan, solnechnye panel, stringlar va kombinatorlik kutichalar noto'g'ri joylashtirilganligi, invertor noto'g'ri ishga tushirilganligi, shunt tranformatorning qo'shimcha jihozlarida xatoliklar. Shuningdek, tekshiruvlar davomida ehtiyotkorlik yetarli emas bo'lsa, potensial xavflar aniqlanmagan qoldirilishi mumkin, bu esa xatoliklarni yanada pasaytirishi mumkin.

2.3 Aloqa va avtomatlashtirish xatoliklari

Aloqa va avtomatlashtirish tizimlaridagi xatoliklar, elektr energiyasining ishlab chiqarishiga tez-tez ta'sir etmaydi, ammo ish rejimini tahlil qilish, kattaliklarni aniqlash va masofadan boshqarish imkoniyatlarini cheklab yuboradi, bu esa xavfsizlikka xavf tug'diradi va unchalik qilib hal etilmagan bo'lsa, xavf-xatarlar ortishi mumkin.

2.4 Geografik va mohiy xatoliklar

Muhit omillari, jamiyat erishishidan yo'l qopish, elektr tarmog'idan xavf-yog'och bo'lmaguncha masofa yetarli emasligi, shor sho'na tomonidan korrozziya, namlik tomonidan dielektrik aralashish, hayvonlar kirishidan kelib chiqqan qisqartma va hokazo holatlarda jihozlarde deformatsiya yuz berishi mumkin.

3 Keng tarqalgan xatoliklar asosiy sabablari

Nazariy jihatdan, muhim xatoliklar va katta xavf-xatarlar qat'iy boshqarish orqali oldini olish mumkin. Ammo amaliyotda, elektr xavfsizlik hadisalari va jihoz xatoliklari quyidagi sabablar bilan davom etadi:

• Erkin ishlab chiqarish va tajribasizlik nihoyasida, ilk fotoksiyog‘ proyektlaridagi dizayn xatoliklari.

• Tight schedules leading to compromised construction quality, resulting in substandard workmanship and long-term operational risks.

• Without comprehensive operational testing, the inability to assess equipment reliability, leading to the use of low-quality components.

• Skill gaps among maintenance personnel, with many being new hires reliant on outdated training methods, lacking proficiency in fault diagnosis and emergency response.

4 Yechimlar

Fotoksiyog‘li elektr stansiyalarda keng tarqalgan xatoliklarga qarshi qilinishi kerak bo'lgan texnik strategiyalar quyidagilardan iborat:

• Rigorous upfront planning to ensure designs align with site-specific conditions.

• Comprehensive infrastructure management with strict contractor vetting and quality control.

• Stringent equipment qualification to exclude substandard products.

• Enhanced training programs to improve personnel responsibility and technical expertise.
  Implementation of these measures can significantly reduce fault occurrence.

4.1 Substation Fault Handling

Substation faults follow standard electrical fault management protocols. In the event of busbar outages or line trips, single - busbar substations may experience complete station blackout, triggering islanding protection and inverter shutdown. Operators must:

• Secure auxiliary power and verify backup systems for DC and communication.

• Analyze protection device actions to identify fault types.

• Inspect primary systems, locate faults, and coordinate with grid operators for safe restoration.

4.2 PV Area Fault Causes

Key factors contributing to PV area faults include:

• Poor installation practices, such as loose connections, substandard components, and inadequate sealing in combiner boxes.

• Ineffective coordination among installation, wiring, and commissioning teams for inverters and transformers.

• Environmental degradation, particularly corrosion from coastal salt spray and insulation breakdown.

• Wear and tear from prolonged operation, including loosening of fan components, terminal blocks, and enclosure latches.

4.3 Fault Prevention Strategies

Preventive measures for electrical equipment faults involve:

• Ensuring construction quality meets operational standards before handover.

• Proactive technical supervision and environmental risk mitigation during operation.

• Cultivating personnel accountability and analytical skills through targeted training.

4.4 Fault Detection and Handling

Hidden faults between solar panels and combiner boxes, which cause energy loss without obvious symptoms, can be detected using clamp meters to measure string currents. Faulty components, fuses, or connections should be promptly replaced.

4.4.1 Combiner Box Faults

Common issues include seal failures, communication module malfunctions, and overheating from loose terminals. Regular inspections during spring maintenance, including resealing and tightening connections, can mitigate summer overheating risks.

4.4.2 Inverter Faults

Inverter failures, often manifesting as shutdowns or startup issues, are prevalent during initial operation. Post-commissioning, overheating due to poor ventilation or component/software malfunctions is typical. Preventive measures include regular filter cleaning and fan inspections.

4.4.3 Step-Up Transformer Faults

Modern dry-type transformers rarely fail, but common issues include ingress of wildlife due to poor sealing, fan malfunctions, and valve latch failures. In coastal or hybrid projects, cable terminations and surge arresters require extra vigilance to prevent collector line outages. Fault prevention relies on routine inspections and technical monitoring.