Kîjan dikarî pargîranek zêdetirî yên mikrokompûter hilbijêrîn û kêm çi diştiyek da li ser pergalên dergahî?

1. Parzûna û Rewşa Cihazên Pêşînîya Mikrokompûterê Yekbûyî

1.1 Parzûna Cihazên Pêşînîya Mikrokompûterê Yekbûyî

Bijarka ku cihaza pêşînîya mikrokompûterê yekbûyî bêgarez îhtiyar bike da ku dibeke yên pêşînîya relâyî bi rêjeya rast û têk dike, parzan de divê ji bo nimaştina rewşê, dema berdestkirina, xelata herîngkirin û komîsyonkirina, û funksiyonên din dar kirguhêr bibine.

Daxwaza signala ji bo cihazên pêşînîya mikrokompûterê yekbûyî wekî pêşînîya relâyî tradîsyonî ye: çavkan û vîran signalan ji transformatora potensiyel (PT) û transformatora vîran (CT) hate derbas kirin, lê zotan ji transmeteryan hatin biguherandin ne sînyalên standart yên pirsgirêdana cihaza pêşînî, ku hatin filtrkirin da ku harmonîyên êlî û bilind û diger çawdanan hatin derbas kirin, ewa hatin biguherandin ji analog bi digital ji bo A/D converter.

CPU hesabkirina dike ji bo daxwaza digital, neticeyan hate miras bikin bi navberên piştguhî, hukumandî dike, u dê decîde bike an alarma hate aktive bikin an trip. Ji bo pevabike reja, daxwaza û pêşînîya mînaka hatin kar kirin û hatin derxistin ji birûyên karkirina serbest yên navendî yên cihaza. Ev dike ku hejmarza rast bide u hewceya bi tevahî dike da ku weraz be. Jeger cihaz A/D overflow an saturation tune dike ku vîra kesayê 20 jorî li ser nermiye, reja teknîkî ya genel hate îqade kirin.

1.2 Parzûna Dema Berdestkirina

Çawa workflow software ya cihaza pêşînî e ve girêdayî di vê şekila:

Di şekilda de dê bînin ku dema berdestkirina cihaza pêşînî ya girêdan tê gotin ji software û rêbazê hesabkirina elektrikî, ku genelî yan hatin nasiyan.

Ji bo kirguhêr û parzûn, divê me tu baze ser sînûre yên třî: rastîna hesabkirina, dema berdestkirina, û barê hesabkirina. Eşe sînûrek hate çêtir dike: rastîna hesabkirina wêr û barê hesabkirina biçûk dê dema berdestkirina bêdar bide, lê rastîna hesabkirina zêdetir û barê hesabkirina mezin dê dema berdestkirina kev bide. Genelî, ji bo istifadegereên end-ya roja elektrik, barê hesabkirina ku zêde ya 3 jorî, rastîna hesabkirina ku zêde ya 0.2%, û dema berdestkirina zêdetir 30ms destê ku îqade bike reja teknîkîya genel a dema berdestkirina.

1.3 Parzûna Funksiyonên Din

Cihazên pêşînîya yekbûyî yên pêşînî yên çêtir integrasyonê, ji bo xelata herîngkirina, ezmayîşên teknîkîya bilind tune. Ji bo parzûn, divê cihazên ku hardware modular û standard in biceribin, ku malafeyên hardware hatin çareser kirin bi guherandina modulên, ku bi vê yekê bêdekarîya kara hatiye veguherîn. Di nav de, cihaza pêşînî divê EPROM module ya navendî bivîne, ku hemî nimaştiyên setting bi digitale hatin tokerin. Karkerên ser terîf dikarin bi sahlî nimaştin bixebitandin ji bo komîsyonkirina cihazan pa li ser reprogram.

Bi bîra automasyon sisteman monitorî yên projeyê yekbûyî, cihaza pêşînî divê qabiliyetên komunikasyon bivîne, ku lekolîn biafirîne bi data bus û informasyonên post-trip dikarin bi sahlî bixebitandin ji bo sistem automatik monitorî ya sertarî.

2. Rewşa Cihazên Pêşînîya Yekbûyî û Sistemên Kontrol Automatikê ya Plant-wide

Li vir configuration û tiştên komunikasyon a sistem kontrol automatikê ya plant, sistem automatikê ya cihazên pêşînîya mikrokompûterê yekbûyî genelî di se parçeyê de hate veguheztin: parça switchgear, parça substation, û parça central control room.

2.1 Parça Switchgear

Parça switchgear girtin ji cihazên pêşînîya mikrokompûterê yekbûyî yên çêtir, ku hate nas kirin ser switchgear. Her cihaz direk dike xelata mînaka, signala pêşînî, û funksiyonên kontrol a cabinet-a xwe. Funksiyonên spesifik bin:

(1) Incoming Line Cabinet

• Funksiyonên Pêşînî: Overcurrent instantaneous, overcurrent time-delayed.

• Funksiyonên Mînaka: Current three-phase, voltage three-phase, active/reactive power, active/reactive energy.

• Funksiyonên Monitor: Position circuit breaker open/closed.

• Funksiyonên Kontrol: Manual open/close (on cabinet), remote open/close.

• Funksiyonên Alarm: Trip due to accident, warning signals, open/close status, device fault, fault recording, etc.

(2) Transformer Cabinet

• Funksiyonên Pêşînî: Overcurrent instantaneous, overcurrent time-delayed, inverse-time overload, single-phase ground fault, heavy gas trip.

• Measurement, Monitoring, and Control Functions: Same as incoming line cabinet.

• Funksiyonên Alarm: Trip due to accident, light gas, temperature alarm, warning signals, open/close status, device fault, fault recording, etc.

(3) Busbar Cabinet

• Funksiyonên Pêşînî, Monitor, û Kontrol: Same as incoming line cabinet.

• Funksiyonên Alarm: Trip due to accident, device fault, fault recording, etc.

(4) Motor Cabinet

• Funksiyonên Pêşînî: Overcurrent instantaneous, overcurrent time-delayed, overload, single-phase ground, undervoltage, overheating.

• Funksiyonên Mînaka: Current three-phase, voltage three-phase, active/reactive power, active/reactive energy.

• Funksiyonên Monitor: Position circuit breaker open/closed.

• Funksiyonên Kontrol: Manual open/close (on cabinet), remote open/close.

• Funksiyonên Alarm: Trip due to accident, warning signals, open/close status, device fault, fault recording, etc.

Pas datagirina di switchgearên xweyên, cihazên pêşînî dikarin data bi sahlî bixebitandin ji bo komputer monitorî ya parça substation. Ev sistem bêdekarîya kablên kontrol hatiye berdike, dema komîsyonkirina hatiye kev kirin, û bêdekarîya kara hatiye veguherîn.

2.2 Parça Substation

Piramerd signallan ji substation hatin bixebitandin ji bo control room central bi Ethernet industriyî, û komandên kontrol ji control room central hatin bixebitandin û bixebitandin ji bo cihazên pêşînî. Parça substation genelî girtin ji komputerên kontrol industriyî, printer, û monitor. Funksiyonên serekiyê wan hatine config û management cihazên pêşînîya switchgear, monitoring system operation, establishing û management database substation, û communication bi control room central.

Bi ragihandina confidentially yên manufacturer ji bo software û rêbazên hesabkirina elektrikî yên cihazên pêşînî, parça substation divê ji bêvege conversion protocol communication bikin da ku signal transmission û reception bi control room central û cihazên pêşînî bêde.

2.3 Communication Network

Communication between switchgear and the substation can use a MODbus bus network, supporting up to 64 slave stations. Optical isolation is used between the communication network and the devices to prevent external interference. Communication between the substation and the central control room uses an industrial Ethernet with fiber optic media, with a communication rate greater than 1 Mbps.

2.4 Software

System software can use mainstream platforms with international standard architectures, such as Windows NT. Software modules should include: master control software, graphics software, database management software, report generation software, and communication software.

When selecting software, the master control software should have a high degree of modularity. High modularity allows field personnel to call up software based on site conditions without additional programming, significantly reducing the operational and maintenance workload for dispatchers and maintenance staff and improving work efficiency.

3. Other Considerations

Additionally, the following issues should be noted during hardware selection for microcomputer integrated protection devices:

• Use a sealed, reinforced enclosure that is resistant to strong vibration and interference, with a compact installation size, suitable for harsh environments and panel mounting.

• Use an industrial-grade dual-CPU structure, with each device containing a main CPU and a communication CPU. The two CPUs work in a mutual inspection mode to improve response time and accuracy, prevent maloperation or failure to operate, and enhance stability and reliability.

• Full-range temperature automatic compensation allows the device to operate long-term in environments from -20°C to +60°C.

• Measurement and protection signals are processed separately within the device, satisfying both accuracy requirements and the requirements for protection range and reliability.

• Use a dedicated frequency sampling circuit to precisely track grid frequency, making electrical quantity calculations more accurate.

• Use optical isolation for digital input/output, and shielded cables for internal cabinet wiring, effectively preventing external interference and improving the device's anti-interference capability.

• Use a large-screen LCD display and soft keypad for clearer numerical display and easier operation.

• After commissioning and operation, various protection setting values are stored digitally in EPROM, allowing for immediate recall after commissioning or circuit fault repair.

• Equipped with a fully functional circuit breaker operating circuit, suitable for controlling various types of circuit breakers, facilitating substation retrofitting.

• Has comprehensive accident analysis capabilities, including protection action event records, electrical quantity signal over-limit records, and fault recording.

4. Role of Microcomputer Integrated Protection Devices in High-Voltage Switchgear

Microcomputer protection devices safeguard against abnormal conditions in circuits. Their roles in high-voltage switchgear include:

Microcomputer protection devices possess powerful data processing, logical computation, and information storage capabilities, featuring advanced internal architectures. They offer complete protection functions equivalent to conventional relay protection. By receiving signals from measurement components such as current and voltage transformers, the device can monitor, control, and protect the circuit state—such as short-circuit protection, overload protection, and single-phase ground fault protection.

Without protection devices, high-voltage switchgear uses relays to achieve these protective functions. Modern microcomputer protection provides enhanced functionality, such as easy remote control, communication with upper-level systems to transmit current, voltage, power, and energy data, and convenient adjustment of protection settings.