5 Mafi Yawan Aikatau a Cikin Hanyar Tushen Karamin Kirkiro da Masu Yadda Inganci Mafi Yawan Aikatau 5 a Cikin Hanyar Tushen Karamin Kirkiro da Masu Yadda Inganci

1. Gaba

Gwajiya na tushen karamin kashi yana nuna abin da ya faruwa saboda wasu dalilai. Don in baka da karamin kashi da kuma cikakken gajarta, masu ilimi suna da shakka a kan samun wuraren gwaji, fahimtar nau'in, wani da take faruwa, da kuma gina gajarta.

Abubuwan gwaji mafi yawan faruwa sun hada da:

• Jirgin jiki

• Kafuwarsa (icing)

• Tashin hawa (wind sway)

• Abubuwan gwaji mai tsanani da tsari

• Flashover mai girgiza

• Gwaji mai ban sha'awa

Fahimta waɗannan gwaji da kuma hanyar gajartar su yana da muhimmanci ga ingancin karamin kashi.

2. Abubuwan Gwaji Mai Jirgin Jiki

Jiki yana nuna fitaccen kudaden ruwa daga jirgin jiki. Saboda karamin kashi, yana haɗa da biyu na manyan bahaushe:

• Jirgin jiki masu zama: Suna kadan conductors, ground wires, ko towers, wanda ke yin currents da flashovers.

• Surges mai inda: Yana faruwa idan jiki ta kadan karamin kashi, wanda ke yin voltages da take haɗa da karamin kashi, wanda ke yin breakdown da insulation.

Dalilan

Jiki zai iya yin trip, damage zuwa abubuwa, outage, da kuma blackouts na yankin - yawanci a cikin yankunan da ke da jiki da ma'ana.

Hanyoyin Inganta

• Saka shield wires da reduced protection angles

• Yara resistance da tower grounding

• Yamfuta coupling ground wires ko buried conductors

• Saka line surge arresters

• Amfani da differential insulation ko arc protection (misali, arc horns, parallel gaps)

• Inganta levels na insulation

• Amfani da automatic reclosing don baka da karamin kashi bayan faults mai tsayi

• Saka pre-discharge rods ko negative-angle needles

3. Abubuwan Gwaji Mai Kafuwarsa (Icing)

Kafuwarsa yana faruwa a cikin yankunan da ke da ruwa mai tsayi (–5°C zuwa 0°C) da fog ko drizzle, wanda ke yin glaze ice. Tsarin freeze-thaw mai kusa yana yin mixed ice mai karfi, wanda ke yin kafuwarsa mai yawa a cikin conductors.

Ice yana faruwa a tsakiyar hawa da kuma zai iya yin twisting da conductors, wanda ke yin shapes mai dairi ko elliptical.

Dalilan

Dakile mai tsayi yana haɗa da extreme weather, wanda ke yin icing mai ƙarfin gwaji. Zai iya yin:

• Mechanical overloading

• Galloping (aerodynamic instability)

• Ice flashover

• Uneven de-icing jumps

• Broken conductors ko collapsed towers

Strategies na Inganta: Avoid, Resist, Modify, Prevent, De-ice

• Ruta lines daga birnin da ke da icing (misali, lakes, high altitudes, wind corridors)

• Yara span lengths da tension section length

• Inganta towers da ground wire supports

• Amfani da anti-icing conductors (misali, high-strength ACSR)

• Saka armor rods don mechanical protection

• Amfani da V-string ko double suspension insulators don prevent ice bridging

4. Abubuwan Gwaji Mai Tashin Hawa (Wind Sway)

Tashin hawa yana nuna lateral movement da conductors ko insulators ke yi a kan load na hawa, wanda ke yin air clearance da kuma flashover - yawanci a jumper wires ko suspension strings.

Nau'in

• Jumper swing on angle towers

• Insulator string tilt under wind pressure

• Conductor-to-conductor or conductor-to-tower clearance reduction

Insulator string sway yana nuna babban cause na tripping mai tashin hawa.

Dalilan

• Design limitations: Duk da cewa many lines suke rated for 30 m/s winds, ana hasasa microclimate ko localized high-wind zones (misali, canyons, ridges).

• Strong localized winds: Typhoons, downbursts, ko gusts yana haɗa da displacement da electric field stress a sharp hardware points.

• Rain effects: Wind-driven rain yana nuna conductive water paths, wanda ke yin air gap insulation strength.

Hanyoyin Inganta

• Increase tower head clearance and design safety margins

• Reduce spans and conductor sag

• Add weights (dampers) to insulator strings

• Use V-string or double-string configurations

• Install wind-resistant guy wires or external tension cables

5. Abubuwan Gwaji Mai Tsanani Da Tsari

Abubuwan gwaji mai tsanani da tsari yana faruwa idan tsari suna ƙoƙarin, ƙwarewa, ko yan hira a kan lines, wanda ke yin flashovers ko damage zuwa abubuwa.

Nau'in

• Nest-related: Long nesting materials bridge conductors and towers.

• Dropping-related: Droppings reduce insulator insulation, causing flashover.

• Bird-body short circuits: Large birds bridge phases or conductor-to-ground.

• Pecking damage or collision faults

• Secondary faults from nesting debris

Dalilan

• Nesting materials creating conductive paths

• Conductive bird droppings on insulators

• Birds perching or flying near energized parts

Hanyoyin Inganta

• Route new lines ≥5 km from bird habitats and avoid flight corridors

• Install physical deterrents:

• Bird guards, nest blockers, spikes, shields

• Large-diameter or bird-safe insulators

• Insulator covers and waterproof barriers

• Use active repellents:

• Sonic, visual, or intelligent sound-and-light bird scarers

• Provide alternatives:

• Install artificial nests or bird perches away from equipment