5 Kaomon nga mga Sayop sa Transmission Line ug Maayo nga Pamaagi sa Pagpangutana - Mga Kalamidad sa Panahon - Mga Sayop sa Insulator - Pagkawaswas sa mga Linya - Mga Sayop sa Hardware - Mga Problema sa Grounding System Mga Epektibo nga Pamaagi sa Pagpangutana: - Regular nga Maintenance ug Inspection - Pagkuha og mga Kalidad nga Mga Materyales - Proper nga Installation Procedures - Monitoring sa Real-Time ug Predictive Analytics - Training sa Technicians ug Engineers IEE-Business

1. Pananaw

Ang pagkakamali sa transmission line usa ka nagkalain-laing pagputli sa kuryente gikan sa daghang mga rason. Aron mopasabot ang suplay ug ipreventa ang pagbalik, ang mga operator kinahanglan mohunong sa lugar sa pagkamali, matukod ang klase, matukod ang rason, ug isulbar.

Ang pinaka komon nga mga pagkakamali nimo lakip:

• Pagsugat sa lightning

• Pagtubo sa yelo (icing)

• Pagkayop sa hangin (wind sway)

• Mga problema nga gikan sa langgam

• Pollution flashover

• Eksternal nga pinsala

Ang pagkat-on sa mga pagkakamali niini ug ang ilang pagprebenir aron mahimong mapugos ang grid reliability.

2. Lightning Strike Faults

Ang lightning usa ka makapoder nga atmospheric discharge gikan sa charged thunderclouds. Sa transmission lines, kasagaran duha ang nagpakita nga mga panganib:

• Direct strikes: Pagsugat sa conductors, ground wires, o towers, kasagaran high currents ug flashovers.

• Induced surges: Moadto kung ang lightning mogipit, inducing high voltages sa lines, resulta sa insulation breakdown.

Rason

Ang lightning makapadala og tripping, equipment damage, outages, ug padayon nga blackout—espesyalmente sa high-lightning areas.

Prevention Measures

• I-install ang shield wires uban sa reduced protection angles

• Lower tower grounding resistance

• Gamiton ang coupling ground wires o buried conductors

• I-install ang line surge arresters

• Apply differential insulation o arc protection (e.g., arc horns, parallel gaps)

• Enhance insulation levels

• Gamiton ang automatic reclosing aron mopasabot ang power human sa transient faults

• I-install ang pre-discharge rods o negative-angle needles

3. Ice Buildup (Icing) Faults

Ang icing mogipit sa cold, wet conditions (–5°C to 0°C) uban fog o drizzle, form glaze ice. Repeated freeze-thaw cycles create dense mixed ice, leading to heavy accumulation on conductors.

Ang yelo kasagaran magform sa windward side ug mao kini makapudol sa conductor twisting, resulta sa circular o elliptical shapes.

Rason

Ang climate change naka-increase sa extreme weather, making icing usa ka major threat. Kini makapudol sa:

• Mechanical overloading

• Galloping (aerodynamic instability)

• Ice flashover

• Uneven de-icing jumps

• Broken conductors o collapsed towers

Prevention Strategies: Avoid, Resist, Modify, Prevent, De-ice

• Route lines away from icing-prone areas (e.g., lakes, high altitudes, wind corridors)

• Reduce span lengths ug tension section length

• Strengthen towers ug ground wire supports

• Use anti-icing conductors (e.g., high-strength ACSR)

• Install armor rods for mechanical protection

• Use V-string o double suspension insulators aron i-prevent ang ice bridging

4. Wind Deviation (Wind Sway) Faults

Ang wind deviation usa ka lateral movement sa conductors o insulators under wind load, reducing air clearance ug causing flashover—especially on jumper wires o suspension strings.

Types

• Jumper swing sa angle towers

• Insulator string tilt under wind pressure

• Conductor-to-conductor o conductor-to-tower clearance reduction

Ang insulator string sway usa ka leading cause sa wind-induced tripping.

Rason

• Design limitations: Daghang lines rated para sa 30 m/s winds, underestimating microclimate o localized high-wind zones (e.g., canyons, ridges).

• Strong localized winds: Typhoons, downbursts, o gusts increase conductor displacement ug electric field stress sa sharp hardware points.

• Rain effects: Wind-driven rain forms conductive water paths, lowering air gap insulation strength.

Prevention Measures

• Increase tower head clearance ug design safety margins

• Reduce spans ug conductor sag

• Add weights (dampers) sa insulator strings

• Use V-string o double-string configurations

• Install wind-resistant guy wires o external tension cables

5. Bird-Related Faults

Ang bird-related faults mogipit kung ang langgam nesting, defecating, o flying near lines cause flashovers o equipment damage.

Fault Types

• Nest-related: Long nesting materials bridge conductors ug towers.

• Dropping-related: Droppings reduce insulator insulation, causing flashover.

• Bird-body short circuits: Large birds bridge phases o conductor-to-ground.

• Pecking damage o collision faults

• Secondary faults gikan sa nesting debris

Rason

• Nesting materials creating conductive paths

• Conductive bird droppings sa insulators

• Birds perching o flying near energized parts

Prevention Measures

• Route new lines ≥5 km from bird habitats ug avoid flight corridors

• Install physical deterrents:

• Bird guards, nest blockers, spikes, shields

• Large-diameter o bird-safe insulators

• Insulator covers ug waterproof barriers

• Use active repellents:

• Sonic, visual, o intelligent sound-and-light bird scarers

• Provide alternatives:

• Install artificial nests o bird perches away from equipment