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Electromagnetic Relay

Electromagnetic relays ji hûn bi electromagnetic actionê ve şerçekin. Modern electrical protection relays serîkî yên mikroprosesorê ne, lê electromagnetic relay yê heta dawî li sera wekheşandina herî. Pirsa mezin dike ku hemî electromagnetic relays bi relays statikên mikroprosesorê were lezdekirin. Bistan bêtirin bikin ku ji navbera sistemê ya pêvekirinê re girîng bidin, divê piştî wan pirsgirêka types of electromagnetic relays.

Electromagnetic Relay Working

Herêmekî relaying device bi rêzikar êk din û ya din:

1. Magnitude measurement,

2. Comparison,

3. Ratio measurement.

Principle of electromagnetic relay working li ser rêzikarên bêyîne. Li ser rêzikarên wekheşandinan, wê dikarin bi rêzikara berdibandin:

1. Attracted Armature type relay,

2. Induction Disc type relay,

3. Induction Cup type relay,

4. Balanced Beam type relay,

5. Moving coil type relay,

6. Polarized Moving Iron type relay.

Attraction Armature Type Relay

Attraction armature type relay ji bo hilîna û wekheşandinan li sera bêyîne. Relays electromagnetic û têk û ratio relays dikarin were bikar anîn. Relays ev ên bikar anîn bi auxiliary relay, control relay, over current, under current, over voltage, under voltage û impedance measuring relays.

Hinged armature û plunger type constructions yê heta zafî li sera types of electromagnetic relays. Di du design constructional de, hinged armature type yê heta zafî li sera bikar anîn.

Ew xasî e ku force exerted on an armature directly proportional to the square of the magnetic flux in the air gap. If we ignore the effect of saturation, the equation for the force experienced by the armature can be expressed as,

Where, F is the net force, K’ is constant, I is rms current of armature coil, and K’ is the restraining force.
The threshold condition for relay operation would therefore be reached when KI2 = K’.
If we observe the above equation carefully, it would be realized that the relay operation is dependent on the constants K’ and K for a particular value of the coil current.
From the above explanation and equation it can be summarized that, the operation of relay is influenced by

1. Ampere – turns developed by the relay operating coil,

2. The size of air gap between the relay core and the armature,

3. Restraining force on the armature.

Construction of Attracted Type Relay

This relay is essentially a simple electromagnetic coil, and a hinged plunger. Whenever the coil becomes energized the plunger being attracted towards core of the coil. Some NO-NC (Normally Open and Normally Closed) contacts are so arranged mechanically with this plunger, that, NO contacts become closed and NC contacts become open at the end of the plunger movement. Normally attraction armature type relay is DC operated relay. The contacts are so arranged, that, after relay is operated, the contacts cannot return to their original positions even after the armature is de energized. After relay operation, these types of electromagnetic relays are reset manually.
Attraction armature relay by virtue of their construction and working principle, is instantaneous in operation.

Induction Disc Type Relay

Induction disc type relay mainly consists of one rotating disc.

Induction Disc type Relay Working

Every induction disc type relay works on the same well known Ferrari’s principle. This principle says, a torque is produced by two phase displaced fluxes, which is proportional to the product of their magnitude and phase displacement between them. Mathematically it can be expressed as-


The induction disc type relay is based on the same principle as that of an ammeter or a volt meter, or a wattmeter or a watt hour mater. In induction relay the deflecting torque is produced by the eddy currents in an aluminium or copper disc by the flux of an AC electromagnet. Here, an aluminum (or copper) disc is placed between the poles of an AC magnet which produces an alternating flux φ lagging from I by a small angle. As this flux links with the disc, there must be an induced emf E2 in the disc, lagging behind the flux φ by 90o. As the disc is purely resistive, the induced current in the disc I2 will be in phase with E2. As the angle between φ and I2 is 90o, the net torque produced in that case is zero. As,

In order to obtain torque in induction disc type relay, it is necessary to produce a rotating field.

Pole Shading Method of Producing Torque in Induction Disc Relay

In this method half of the pole is surrounded with copper ring as shown. Let φ1 is the flux of unshaded portion of the pole. Actually total flux divided into two equal portions when the pole is divided into two parts by a slot.

As one portion of the pole is shaded by copper ring there will be induced current in the shade ring which will produce another flux φ2‘ in the shaded pole. So, resultant flux of shaded pole will be vector sum of φ1 and φ2. Say it is φ2, and angle between φ1 and φ2 is θ. These two fluxes will produce a resultant torque,

There are mainly three types of shape of rotating disc are available for induction disc type relay. They are spiral shaped, round and vase shaped, as shown. The spiral shape is done to compensate against varying restraining torque of the control spring which winds up as the disc rotates to close its contacts. For most designs, the disc may rotate by as much as 280o. Further, the moving contact on the disc shift is so positioned that it meets the stationary contacts on the relay frame when the largest radius section of the disc is under the electromagnet. This is done to ensure satisfactory contact pressure in induction disc type relay.
Where high speed operation is required, such as in differential protection, the angular travel of the disc is considerably limited and hence circular or even vane types may be used in induction disc type electromagnetic relay.
Some time it is required that operation of an induction disc type relay should be done after successful operation of another relay. Such as inter locked over current relays are generally used for generator and bus bar protection. In that case, the shading band is replaced by a shading coil. Two ends of that shading coil are brought out across a normally open contact of other control device or relay. Whenever the latter is operated the normally open contact is closed and makes the shading coil short circuited. Only after that the over current relay disc starts rotating.
One can also change the time/current characteristics of an induction disc type relay, by deploying variable resistance arrangement to the shading coil.
Induction disc relay fed off a negative sequence filter can also be used as Negative-sequence protection device for alternators.

Induction Cup Type Relay

Induction cup type relay can be considered as a different version of induction disc type relay. The working principle of both type of relays are more or less some.