Sistem Inganci a Karkashin Kirki

Wani muhimmanci na tushen wannan tushen da yake bayan kowane abu da ya fi dace da sistemai na gajiya na sistemai na iyali tare da sunayen lambobi da adadin kayayyakin, hanyar kananan da ke tsarin terminal, kwarin kula da kable mai koyon koyon, Kari Da Ba Ya Kari A Kula. Yana bayyana da kyau misalai na cikakken relays da shugabannin sistemai na gajiya na sistemai na iyali tare da wasu sistemai na gajiya na sistemai na iyali masu ma'ana kamar differential relays, restricted earth fault protection, directional relays da distance relays bata. Ana bayyana da kuma cikakken transformer protection, generator protection, transmission line protection da kuma gajiya na capacitor banks. Yana bayyana da kyau kowane abu game da gajiya na sistemai na iyali.
Yana bayyana da cikakken switchgear testing, instrument transformers kamar current transformer testing, voltage ko potential transformer testing da kuma sabbin protection relay.
Yana bayyana da kuma cikakken close and trip, indication da alarm circuits different of circuit breakers.

Ma'aikatar Gajiya na Sistemai na Iyali

Ma'aikatar gajiya na sistemai na iyali shine ya fara wani batu a cikin sistemai na iyali daga wata alama biyu ta cikin alama biyar don haka za su iya ci gaba da ba sa gajia ba saboda tasiri na gajiyar kula. Wanda ya fara zai yi haɗa a cikin circuit breaker da ke isolates batun da ke gajiya daga wata alama biyu ta cikin alama biyar. Waɗannan circuit breakers sun zo a cikin karshen fault condition saboda trip signal da ke ji daga protection relay. Zan iya ce waɗannan gajiya ba zai iya kare gajiyar kula ta cikin sistemai ba, amma zai iya kare gajiyar kula ta cikin sistemai tare da karshen zuwa ta cikin batun da ke gajiya. Don haka za su iya karshen zuwa ta cikin batun da ke gajiya, za su iya samun functional requirements masu kyau a cikin protection relays.

Sistemai na Gajiya a Cikin Sistemai na Iyali

Za ka iya cewa tushen da yake bayyana da cikakken sistemai na gajiya a cikin sistemai na iyali da kuma coordination of protection relays.

A cikin hoton za ka iya gani cikakken hubucin protection relay. Yana da kyau. Tafkiyar current transformer ana huba zuwa current coil of relay da kuma tafkiyar voltage transformer ana huba zuwa voltage coil of the relay. Idan wani fault yake fara a cikin feeder circuit, proportionate secondary current of the CT zai zama ta cikin current coil of the relay saboda haka mmf of that coil yana zama da yawa. Wannan mmf yana da kyau don magance normally open contact of the relay. Wannan relay contact yana ci gaba da DC trip coil circuit don haka trip coil zai zama energized. Mmf of the trip coil yana faɗada mechanical movement of the tripping mechanism of the circuit breaker da kuma circuit breaker zai zama tripped to isolate the fault.

Functional Requirements of Protection Relay

Reliability

Muhimmancin muhimmiyar da ake bukata a cikin protective relay shine reliability. Suna da karshen inoperable ne a lokacin da fault ba suka fara ba; amma idan fault yake fara, relays zai ya faru daidai da daidai.

Selectivity

Relay zai iya fara daidai a cikin conditions da aka buƙaci da su a cikin electrical power system. Akwai wasu conditions da suka fara a lokacin fault da suka fara da time delay, saboda haka protection relay zai iya select appropriate condition for which it would be operated.

Sensitivity

Relaying equipment zai iya da sensitivity da yake da kyau don haka zai iya fara daidai idan level of fault condition yake fara zuwa predefined limit.

Speed

Protective relays zai iya fara da speed da yake da kyau. Yana da coordination da yake da kyau a cikin various power system protection relays don haka fault at one portion of the system should not disturb other healthy portion. Fault current zai zama ta cikin part of healthy portion saboda suka sanu electrically, amma relays associated with that healthy portion should not be operated faster than the relays of faulty portion otherwise undesired interruption of healthy system may occur. Idan relay associated with faulty portion ba su fara daidai ba saboda defect ko wasu sababba, then only the next relay associated with the healthy portion of the system must be operated to isolate the fault. Saboda haka ba zai iya fara daidai da yake da kyau ko da yake da kyau da yake da kyau da yake da kyau.

Important Elements for Power System Protection

Switchgear

Consists of mainly bulk oil circuit breaker, minimum oil circuit breaker, SF6 circuit breaker, air blast circuit breaker and vacuum circuit breaker etc. Different operating mechanisms such as solenoid, spring, pneumatic, hydraulic etc. are employed in the circuit breaker. Circuit breaker is the main part of protection system in power system and it automatically isolate the faulty portion of the system by opening its contacts.

Protective Gear

Consists of mainly power system protection relays like current relays, voltage relays, impedance relays, power relays, frequency relays, etc. based on operating parameter, definite time relays, inverse time relays, stepped relays etc. as per operating characteristic, logic wise such as differential relays, over fluxing relays etc. During fault the protection relay gives trip signal to the associated circuit breaker for opening its contacts.

Station Battery

All the circuit breakers of electrical power system are DC (Direct Current) operated. Because DC power can be stored in battery and if situation comes when total failure of incoming power occurs, still the circuit breakers can be operated for restoring the situation by the power of storage station battery. Hence, the battery is another essential item of the power system. Some time it is referred as the heart of the electrical substation. An electrical substation battery or simply a station battery containing a number of cells accumulate energy during the period of availability of AC supply and discharge at the time when relays operate so that relevant circuit breaker is tripped at the time failure of incoming AC power.

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