Quae sunt normae pro calibratione instrumentorum monitorandi qualitatis potentiae in linea?
Normae Principales pro Calibrazione Instrumentorum Monitorandi Qualitatem Electricitatis in Linea
Calibratio instrumentorum monitorandi qualitatem electricitatis in linea sequitur systema standardum comprehensivum, quod continet normas nationales obligatorias, specificationes technicas industriales, directivas internationales, et requisitiones pro methodis calibrationis et aequipmentis. Quod infra praebet structuratum compendium cum recommendationibus practicis pro applicationibus realibus.
I. Normae Domesticae Principales
1. DL/T 1228-2023 – Requisitiones Technicae et Methodi Testandi pro Instrumentis Monitorandi Qualitatem Electricitatis in Linea
Status: Norma obligatoria in industria electricitatis Sinica, substituens editionem 2013, plene continentem requisitiones technicas, methodos calibrationis, et proceduras testandi.
Dispositiones Claves:
Intervalus Calibrationis: ≤3 annis sub conditionibus normalibus; reductus ad 1–2 annos in ambientibus duris (sicut EMI alta, temperatura/humiditas alta) aut quando stabilitas instrumenti est instabilis.
Parametri Calibrationis: Tensio, amperia, frequentia, harmonici (2nd–50th), interharmonici, flicker, unbalancium triphasium, sags/tumescunt/interrupptiones tensionis. Aequipmentum calibrationis debet habere accuratiam meliorem quam 1/3 erroris permitti aequipmenti testandi (sicut utendo fonte standard classe 0.05).
Verificatio Functionalis: Cyclicus samplingus datarum, stabilitas communicationis (sicut compatibilitas IEC 61850), et accuratia liminis alarmis debent validari.
Applicatio: Calibratio pro instrumentis monitorandi in societatibus reti, thermis electricitatis, et punctis coniunctionis energiarum renovabilium.
2. GB/T 19862-2016 – Requisitiones Generales pro Aequipmentis Monitorandi Qualitatem Electricitatis
Rolle: Norma nationalis definens requisitiones technicas generales, includentes methodos calibrationis, limites erroris, et adaptabilitatem ambientalem.
Requisitiones Claves:
Accuratia Mensurationis: Error RMS tensio/amperia ≤ ±0.5%, error frequentiae ≤ ±0.01 Hz, error amplitudinis harmonicorum ≤ ±2% (instrumenta classe A).
Methodus Calibrationis: "Methodus Injectionis Fontis Standard" – comparando output fontis calibrati cum lectione instrumenti.
Applicatio: Referentia pro selectione et calibratione aequipmentorum in usuaribus industrialibus et institutionibus investigativis.
3. GB/T 14549-1993 – Qualitas Electricitatis: Harmonici in Retibus Publicis
Rolle: Definit niveles permitti tensio et amperia harmonicorum in retibus publicis, et specificat requisitiones accuratiae pro instrumentis mensurationis harmonicorum.
Focus Calibrationis:
Accuratia Harmonica: Instrumenta classe A requirunt error tensio harmonicorum ≤ ±0.05% UN, error amperiorum ≤ ±0.15% IN. Debent covertere 2nd–50th harmonicos.
Test Immunitatis: Validare stabilitatem instrumenti sub conditionibus richis harmonicis ad assecurandum immunitatem ab interventu campo.
Applicatio: Projectus mitigationis harmonicorum et monitoraggio fontium harmonicorum industrialium.
4. GB/T 17626 Series – Test Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC)
Robustitatis Ambientalis:
GB/T 17626.2-2018: Immunitas discharges electrostaticarum (contactus ±6kV, aeris ±8kV).
GB/T 17626.5-2019: Immunitas surgerum (linea-linea ±2kV, linea-terra ±4kV).
GB/T 17626.6-2008: Immunitas RF conducta (0.15–80 MHz).
Significatio Calibrationis: Assecurat stabilitatem mensurationis sub conditionibus EMI altis, praeveniens drift datarum ex interventu.
Applicatio: Calibratio instrumentorum in substationibus et ambientibus industrialibus cum forti interventu electromagneticis.
II. Normae Internationales
1. IEC 61000-4 Series – Test EMC
Relevancia Globalis:
IEC 61000-4-2:2025: Immunitas ESD, includens directiones pro aequipmentis vestibili.
IEC 61000-4-6:2013: Immunitas RF conducta (0.15–80 MHz), injectionem interventus standardizata.
Advantagium: Facit recognitionem internationalis resultatorum calibrationis.
Applicatio: Aequipmenta exportata et projectus transfrontalier electritatis.
2. IEC 62053-21:2020 – Aequipmenta Metrationis Electricitatis – Pars 21: Metera Energiae Activa Statica (Classes 0.2S et 0.5S)
Referentia Altius Accuratiae:
Limites Erroris: Classe 0.2S ≤ ±0.2%, classe 0.5S ≤ ±0.5%.
Methodus Calibrationis: "Methodus Metri Standard" – comparando lectiones a metra standard altius accuratiae et aequipmento testandi.
Applicatio: Settlement commerciale et applicationes investigativae altius accuratiae.
3. IEEE Std 1159-2019 – Guide pro Monitorando Qualitatem Electricitatis
Directiones Technicae:
Definit methodos mensurationis et requisitiones logging data pro sags, harmonicis, flicker, etc.
Recommendat "Methodum Comparisonis Duorum Fontium Standard" pro validatione accuratiae instrumenti.
Applicatio: Referentia pro instrumentis monitorandi in America Septentrionali et projectibus ingenieriae internationalibus.
III. Methodi et Normae Aequipmentorum Calibrationis
1. JJF 1848-2020 – Specification Calibrationis pro Aequipmentis Monitorandi Qualitatem Electricitatis
Tracabilitas Metrologica: Specificatione technica nationalis requirit incertitudinem aequipmenti calibrationis ≤ 1/3 erroris permitti aequipmenti.
Passus Claves:
Inspection visiva (labels, connectors).
Præcaldura (30 min) et reset fabularis.
Injectio signalum standard per DL/T 1228-2023.
Calculatio incertitudinis expansae et emissio certificati calibrationis.
Applicatio: Basis pro calibratione in institutis metrologicis et laboratoriis tertii partis.
2. JJG 597-2016 – Regulation Verificationis pro Aequipmentis Testandi Metrorum Electricitatis Alternantis
Benchmark Aequipmenti:
Fonte classe 0.05: error tensio/amperia ≤ ±0.05%, error potentiæ ≤ ±0.05%.
Debet supportare injectionem harmonicorum et adjustmentem phase.
Applicatio: Selection et tracabilitas fontium standard in laboratoriis calibrationis.
IV. Normae Supplementariae pro Scenariis Specialibus
1. GB/T 24337-2009 – Qualitas Electricitatis: Interharmonici in Retibus Publicis
Definit limites tensio interharmonicorum (sicut ≤1.5% pro 19th interharmonic in retibus 10kV+).
Validat accuratiam mensurationis pro harmonicis non integer (>50 Hz).
Applicatio: Integration renovabilium et loca industrialia cum variabilibus motoribus frequentialis.
2. Q/GDW 10 J393-2009 – Specificatione Technica pro Instrumentis Monitorandi Qualitatem Electricitatis in Linea
Standard enterprise State Grid.
Requirit storage datarum ≥31 dies, support PQDIF format.
Validat accuratiam transmissionis datarum (sicut deviation tensio ≤ ±0.5%).
Applicatio: Calibration intra systema State Grid.
V. Processus Calibrationis & Recommendationes Compliance
Requisitiones Qualificationis: Laboratoriis calibrationis debet habere accreditationem CNAS aut authorizationem metrologicam provincialis pro resultatis legaliter validis.
Strategia Calibrationis Dynamica:
Intervalus standard: 3 annos (per DL/T 1228-2023).
Reductus ad 1 annum in ambientibus duris (sicut plantae chemicalis, metallurgicae) aut si drift historicus > ±5%.
Record Keeping:
Requisitum: Certificatum calibrationis, data raw, logs maintenance.
Valorem legalis: Utendum pro compliance regulationis et investigatione incidentum.
VI. Prioritization Standardum & Strategia Applicationis
Projectus Domestici: DL/T 1228-2023 + GB/T 19862-2016 + GB/T 14549-1993.
Projectus Internationales: IEC 61000 series + IEEE Std 1159-2019.
Casus Specialis:
Harmonici: GB/T 14549-1993 + GB/T 24337-2009.
EMC: GB/T 17626 + IEC 61000-4.
Summary
Calibratio instrumentorum monitorandi qualitatem electricitatis in linea debet sequi tres principia: compliance regulationis, standardizatio technica, et adaptation scenarii specifici. Framework core debet construi super DL/T 1228-2023 et GB/T 19862-2016, augmentatus per GB/T 14549-1993 et IEC 61000 pro robustitate ambientali, et tracabilis via JJF 1848-2020. Pro industriis specialibus (sicut renovabiles, healthcare), standards supplementari sicut GB/T 24337-2009 debent applicari. Finis ultimus est data accurata, compliance regulationis, et recognitionis internationalis.
